{"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?facet.page=2\u0026page=516\u0026view=list","prev":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?facet.page=2\u0026page=515\u0026view=list","next":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?facet.page=2\u0026page=517\u0026view=list","last":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?facet.page=2\u0026page=54914\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":516,"next_page":517,"prev_page":515,"total_pages":54914,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":5150,"total_count":549136,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"4b1b011e59287a46abc92172_aspace_57673","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1964 Campaign, 1964","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4b1b011e59287a46abc92172_aspace_57673#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_57673","ref_ssm":["aspace_57673","aspace_57673"],"id":"4b1b011e59287a46abc92172_aspace_57673","title_filing_ssi":"1964 Campaign","title_ssm":["1964 Campaign"],"title_tesim":["1964 Campaign"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1964 Campaign, 1964"],"text":["1964 Campaign, 1964","Claude Pepper Papers, 1900-1989","U.S. House","U.S. House - Campaign Correspondence","Folder 13","/repositories/10/archival_objects/78299","304A - Box 7","folder 13"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["4b1b011e59287a46abc92172","4b1b011e59287a46abc92172_aspace_90d5fc28931abbf58f09941a28fa2e3b","4b1b011e59287a46abc92172_aspace_57006"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Claude Pepper Papers, 1900-1989","U.S. House","U.S. House - Campaign Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Claude Pepper Papers, 1900-1989","U.S. House","U.S. House - Campaign Correspondence"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Record Group","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 13","/repositories/10/archival_objects/78299"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Claude Pepper Papers, 1900-1989"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":14797,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. 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Congress. House","United States--Politics and government--1933-1945","United States--Politics and government--1945-1953","United States--Politics and government--1953-1961","Collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library.","During the processing of this collection, the original order of the files, as reflected in the filing series in his Washington, D.C. and Miami, Florida offices, were preserved as closely as possible. The order of files within most series generally follows an alphabetical sequence by subject and/or folder. Many campaign materials and official itineraries are arranged chronologically. Within a file folder, the material was retained in its original state (usually reverse chronological order) as much as possible, unless the arrangement presented access problems to researchers. Two or more file folders with the same title were usually arranged in chronological order.","As is typical of Congressional collections, material related to any one topic may be found in several places according to the use of the information, the creator of the folders, the history of department name changes, or the filing practices of different office staff members. For example, information about Social Security may be found in the following areas:","Record Group 300 - U.S. House of Representatives:","~Series 301 Correspondence ~Subseries 302A Aging Committee ~Subseries 302H National Committee on Social Security Reform ~Subseries 303A Congressional Speeches ~Subseries 303B Speeches (Other Groups) ~Series 305 News Clippings","To insure the preservation of the materials and their accessibility to researchers, photographs, negatives, memorabilia, and recordings were removed from the papers and transferred to their appropriate series. Separation sheets were placed in all folders from which these items were removed as well as in folders to which the items were transferred.","Claude Pepper was a devoted public servant who served over 40 years in public office first as a Member of the Florida House of Representatives (1929-1930), then as a U.S. Senator (1936-1950), and then as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1962-1989). Early in his career, Pepper was a progressive minded liberal who sponsored legislation to promote equal rights, civil rights, workers' rights and the Lend-Lease Act. During and after World War II, Pepper became a driving force for the establishment of the National Institutes of Health, a system of government-sponsored medical research facilities.\n Much later in his life and career, he gained international fame as an advocate of older persons rights, health care, and for strengthening and protecting Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and other government sponsored programs on behalf of millions of Americans.\n Prior to his death, Pepper donated the bulk of his vast collection of official and personal papers to the Florida State University. It was his express wish that his collection is made available to researchers and scholars.","The Mildred and Claude Pepper Collection was donated by Congressman Claude Pepper to the Florida State University Libraries in 1979. Subsequent donations were made during the 1980s, and additional materials were acquired following his death in 1989. Initially, the Pepper Collection was housed at Dodd Hall on the Florida State University campus but was relocated in 1998 to a new state-of-the-art archival space located on the first floor of the Claude Pepper Center Building.","Peter A. Corning, Social Security Project, Reminiscences of Claude Denson Pepper : Oral History, 1967. Oral History Research Office, Columbia University.","Claude Pepper, Scrapbooks. Department of Special Collections, University of Florida Libraries.","Roosevelt, Franklin D., President's alphabetical file, 1933-1945. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.","Patricia Sullivan, Progressive Party Oral History Interviews. Special Collections Department, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University. (Includes oral history interview with Claude Pepper)","Containing over two million pages, the Claude Pepper Papers includes his official correspondence, speeches, legislative, committee, and campaign files. In addition, there are files of his personal correspondence, speeches, photographs, recordings, and memorabilia. Also included are the personal papers, photographs, recordings, and memorabilia of his wife, Mildred Irene Webster Pepper. Mrs. Pepper always took a deep interest in public affairs and in helping her husband in his political career. She vigorously supported medical research, urban beautification, conservation, and actively participated in charitable and humanitarian organizations. There are also personal papers of the Pepper/Webster family, largely consisting of correspondence from parents, brothers, sisters, and other family members.","These materials document the political and personal life of one of the most politically active individuals throughout most of this century, and in terms of size, content, and national significance, they have been compared to prestigious presidential collections, including the Papers of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In addition to its value to historical research, these materials will enable current policy makers to build upon Claude Pepper's achievements as they continue to focus on his unfinished work. Because of his legacy, it is vital that the Claude Pepper Collection should always be accessible and preserved for future generations of scholars and researchers. Personal letters from Winston Churchill, Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and John F. Kennedy are among the treasures to be found here. The photographs include many individuals of historical significance, such as Pope Paul VI, Albert Einstein, and Martin Luther King, Jr. There are also recordings of such political notables as Lyndon Johnson, Tip O'Neill, and Hubert Humphrey. The Pepper Collection not only documents the career of one of the most politically active individuals of this century, it reflects the changes that have taken place in every area of American life. It contains a wealth of material on a variety of topics. Research using the Pepper Collection has focused on topics as diverse as the World War II \"Mother's Movement,\" American Indian land claims, national health care, Social Security, the Vietnamese conflict, and organized labor. Currently, the collection is being digitized to provide researchers with the opportunity to study his collection from anywhere around the world.","Select materials from the Claude Pepper Papers have been digitized and are available through the  FSU Digital Library .","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. 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Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuring the processing of this collection, the original order of the files, as reflected in the filing series in his Washington, D.C. and Miami, Florida offices, were preserved as closely as possible. The order of files within most series generally follows an alphabetical sequence by subject and/or folder. Many campaign materials and official itineraries are arranged chronologically. Within a file folder, the material was retained in its original state (usually reverse chronological order) as much as possible, unless the arrangement presented access problems to researchers. 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For example, information about Social Security may be found in the following areas:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRecord Group 300 - U.S. House of Representatives:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e~Series 301 Correspondence ~Subseries 302A Aging Committee ~Subseries 302H National Committee on Social Security Reform ~Subseries 303A Congressional Speeches ~Subseries 303B Speeches (Other Groups) ~Series 305 News Clippings\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTo insure the preservation of the materials and their accessibility to researchers, photographs, negatives, memorabilia, and recordings were removed from the papers and transferred to their appropriate series. 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Separation sheets were placed in all folders from which these items were removed as well as in folders to which the items were transferred."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eClaude Pepper was a devoted public servant who served over 40 years in public office first as a Member of the Florida House of Representatives (1929-1930), then as a U.S. Senator (1936-1950), and then as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1962-1989). Early in his career, Pepper was a progressive minded liberal who sponsored legislation to promote equal rights, civil rights, workers' rights and the Lend-Lease Act. During and after World War II, Pepper became a driving force for the establishment of the National Institutes of Health, a system of government-sponsored medical research facilities.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMuch later in his life and career, he gained international fame as an advocate of older persons rights, health care, and for strengthening and protecting Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and other government sponsored programs on behalf of millions of Americans.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePrior to his death, Pepper donated the bulk of his vast collection of official and personal papers to the Florida State University. It was his express wish that his collection is made available to researchers and scholars.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Claude Pepper was a devoted public servant who served over 40 years in public office first as a Member of the Florida House of Representatives (1929-1930), then as a U.S. Senator (1936-1950), and then as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1962-1989). Early in his career, Pepper was a progressive minded liberal who sponsored legislation to promote equal rights, civil rights, workers' rights and the Lend-Lease Act. During and after World War II, Pepper became a driving force for the establishment of the National Institutes of Health, a system of government-sponsored medical research facilities.\n Much later in his life and career, he gained international fame as an advocate of older persons rights, health care, and for strengthening and protecting Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and other government sponsored programs on behalf of millions of Americans.\n Prior to his death, Pepper donated the bulk of his vast collection of official and personal papers to the Florida State University. It was his express wish that his collection is made available to researchers and scholars."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Mildred and Claude Pepper Collection was donated by Congressman Claude Pepper to the Florida State University Libraries in 1979. Subsequent donations were made during the 1980s, and additional materials were acquired following his death in 1989. Initially, the Pepper Collection was housed at Dodd Hall on the Florida State University campus but was relocated in 1998 to a new state-of-the-art archival space located on the first floor of the Claude Pepper Center Building.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Mildred and Claude Pepper Collection was donated by Congressman Claude Pepper to the Florida State University Libraries in 1979. Subsequent donations were made during the 1980s, and additional materials were acquired following his death in 1989. Initially, the Pepper Collection was housed at Dodd Hall on the Florida State University campus but was relocated in 1998 to a new state-of-the-art archival space located on the first floor of the Claude Pepper Center Building."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Claude Pepper Papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/MSS_1979-01\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/MSS_1979-01\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Claude Pepper Papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/MSS_1979-01 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePeter A. Corning, Social Security Project, Reminiscences of Claude Denson Pepper : Oral History, 1967. Oral History Research Office, Columbia University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eClaude Pepper, Scrapbooks. Department of Special Collections, University of Florida Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRoosevelt, Franklin D., President's alphabetical file, 1933-1945. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePatricia Sullivan, Progressive Party Oral History Interviews. Special Collections Department, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University. (Includes oral history interview with Claude Pepper)\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Peter A. Corning, Social Security Project, Reminiscences of Claude Denson Pepper : Oral History, 1967. Oral History Research Office, Columbia University.","Claude Pepper, Scrapbooks. Department of Special Collections, University of Florida Libraries.","Roosevelt, Franklin D., President's alphabetical file, 1933-1945. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.","Patricia Sullivan, Progressive Party Oral History Interviews. Special Collections Department, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University. (Includes oral history interview with Claude Pepper)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContaining over two million pages, the Claude Pepper Papers includes his official correspondence, speeches, legislative, committee, and campaign files. In addition, there are files of his personal correspondence, speeches, photographs, recordings, and memorabilia. Also included are the personal papers, photographs, recordings, and memorabilia of his wife, Mildred Irene Webster Pepper. Mrs. Pepper always took a deep interest in public affairs and in helping her husband in his political career. She vigorously supported medical research, urban beautification, conservation, and actively participated in charitable and humanitarian organizations. There are also personal papers of the Pepper/Webster family, largely consisting of correspondence from parents, brothers, sisters, and other family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese materials document the political and personal life of one of the most politically active individuals throughout most of this century, and in terms of size, content, and national significance, they have been compared to prestigious presidential collections, including the Papers of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In addition to its value to historical research, these materials will enable current policy makers to build upon Claude Pepper's achievements as they continue to focus on his unfinished work. Because of his legacy, it is vital that the Claude Pepper Collection should always be accessible and preserved for future generations of scholars and researchers. Personal letters from Winston Churchill, Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and John F. Kennedy are among the treasures to be found here. The photographs include many individuals of historical significance, such as Pope Paul VI, Albert Einstein, and Martin Luther King, Jr. There are also recordings of such political notables as Lyndon Johnson, Tip O'Neill, and Hubert Humphrey. The Pepper Collection not only documents the career of one of the most politically active individuals of this century, it reflects the changes that have taken place in every area of American life. It contains a wealth of material on a variety of topics. Research using the Pepper Collection has focused on topics as diverse as the World War II \"Mother's Movement,\" American Indian land claims, national health care, Social Security, the Vietnamese conflict, and organized labor. Currently, the collection is being digitized to provide researchers with the opportunity to study his collection from anywhere around the world.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSelect materials from the Claude Pepper Papers have been digitized and are available through the \u003cextref href=\"http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu%3Aclaudepeppermaincollection\"\u003eFSU Digital Library\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Online Copies Available"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Containing over two million pages, the Claude Pepper Papers includes his official correspondence, speeches, legislative, committee, and campaign files. In addition, there are files of his personal correspondence, speeches, photographs, recordings, and memorabilia. Also included are the personal papers, photographs, recordings, and memorabilia of his wife, Mildred Irene Webster Pepper. Mrs. Pepper always took a deep interest in public affairs and in helping her husband in his political career. She vigorously supported medical research, urban beautification, conservation, and actively participated in charitable and humanitarian organizations. There are also personal papers of the Pepper/Webster family, largely consisting of correspondence from parents, brothers, sisters, and other family members.","These materials document the political and personal life of one of the most politically active individuals throughout most of this century, and in terms of size, content, and national significance, they have been compared to prestigious presidential collections, including the Papers of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In addition to its value to historical research, these materials will enable current policy makers to build upon Claude Pepper's achievements as they continue to focus on his unfinished work. Because of his legacy, it is vital that the Claude Pepper Collection should always be accessible and preserved for future generations of scholars and researchers. Personal letters from Winston Churchill, Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and John F. Kennedy are among the treasures to be found here. The photographs include many individuals of historical significance, such as Pope Paul VI, Albert Einstein, and Martin Luther King, Jr. There are also recordings of such political notables as Lyndon Johnson, Tip O'Neill, and Hubert Humphrey. The Pepper Collection not only documents the career of one of the most politically active individuals of this century, it reflects the changes that have taken place in every area of American life. It contains a wealth of material on a variety of topics. Research using the Pepper Collection has focused on topics as diverse as the World War II \"Mother's Movement,\" American Indian land claims, national health care, Social Security, the Vietnamese conflict, and organized labor. Currently, the collection is being digitized to provide researchers with the opportunity to study his collection from anywhere around the world.","Select materials from the Claude Pepper Papers have been digitized and are available through the  FSU Digital Library ."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_59cdc344ccbf964b456e94c25aa79f8c\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Congress. 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He joined the Florida Senate in 1958, serving one term before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1962.  Gibbons died in Tampa in 2012.","As a member of Congress, Gibbons became known as a moderate democrat interested in free trade and tax reform. He joined Congress in time to vote for the land mark civil rights bill, Medicare, President Johnson's War on Poverty, and to vote for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving the president the power to wage war in Vietnam, a vote he came to regret. He funneled Urban Renewal funds into Tampa's crumbling inner city. In 1969, he joined the influential Ways and Means Committee, where he would sit until his retirement in 1996, spending much attention on the Subcommittee on Trade. He put his free trade beliefs into action with the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), passing two versions in the 1980s. He retired in 1996 after a stormy stint as the voice of opposition to the new Republican majority. During and after his career, he repeatedly called for the U.S. to lift its trade embargo against Cuba.","Primarily covers his years in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1962-1996.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Gibbons, Sam M. 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In 1969, he joined the influential Ways and Means Committee, where he would sit until his retirement in 1996, spending much attention on the Subcommittee on Trade. He put his free trade beliefs into action with the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), passing two versions in the 1980s. He retired in 1996 after a stormy stint as the voice of opposition to the new Republican majority. During and after his career, he repeatedly called for the U.S. to lift its trade embargo against Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sam M. Gibbons was born in Tampa Florida in 1920. His tenure in law school was interrupted by World War II, when he volunteered for the Army, and later for duty as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division. He served with distinction and in 1951 Gibbons was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, where he drafted the bill founding the University of South Florida in Hillsborough County. He founded USF's Foundation and served as its first president, expanded the City of Tampa by annexing suburbs, founded the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and began programs to save the state money and prevent corruption. He joined the Florida Senate in 1958, serving one term before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1962.  Gibbons died in Tampa in 2012.","As a member of Congress, Gibbons became known as a moderate democrat interested in free trade and tax reform. He joined Congress in time to vote for the land mark civil rights bill, Medicare, President Johnson's War on Poverty, and to vote for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving the president the power to wage war in Vietnam, a vote he came to regret. He funneled Urban Renewal funds into Tampa's crumbling inner city. In 1969, he joined the influential Ways and Means Committee, where he would sit until his retirement in 1996, spending much attention on the Subcommittee on Trade. 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","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. 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","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","Marion Jewell Hay was born near Irving, Kansas, March 9, 1900. She received her secondary school education in Colorado, graduating from the Cheyenne Mountain High School in Colorado Springs. She received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University of Illinois in 1921, following which she taught a year at Henderson Brown College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. She attended Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1923, receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1924. During the year 1924-25, Mrs. Hay held a graduate assistantship in the Department of Principles of Education and an assistantship in Spanish. From September 1925 to December 1928 she served as an instructor of the Department of Romance Languages while pursuing the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. In 1929 she became a professor of education at Florida State College for Women, and remained at Florida State until her retirement in 1967. Marion Jewell Hay traveled extensively before she came to Florida State. Among her travels were foreign study trips to Universidad Nacional de Mejico, 1922-1924; Centro de Estudios Historicos (Madrid) and Alliance Francaise and Sorbonne (Paris) 1928-1929. In 1926, after her marriage to Harry Hilts Hay, he accompanied her abroad.\n The couple began taking students from F. S. C. W. to Europe during summer vacations. This activity blossomed into a travel agency in the 1930s. In 1941 Harry Hilts Hay, after purchasing an airplane and learning to fly, was accepted as pilot by the British Royal Air Force. On his way to serve in Great Britian his small ship was attacked by a German submarine. He was not among the survivors of the attack. Mrs. Hay took a leave of absence from F. S. C. W for six years to serve on the Board of Censorship and with the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency. At this time Mrs. Hay sold the travel agency, and upon her retirement from F. S. U. repurchased it. She served as President of Tallahassee Travel and Tours until 1978. Besides her lengthy teaching career and wide travels she was also touched by hardship suffered by those around her. Freeing political prisoners, helping those who had experienced and been impacted by war , and providing health care for needy rural school children were part of her relief efforts. Various scholarships were financed from her own pocket in an attempt to insure that deserving students remained enrolled at Florida State.","Hay Collection processed November 1986. Philosophy of Education Society Papers processed May 1987.","Other collections housed at FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives that may contain references to Mrs. Hay are the following: Stephen Graham Collection, Jewell Family Papers, Rathindranath Tagore Collection and Arthur \u0026 Mayce Seymour Collection.","The collection includes personal correspondence, classroom notes, and handouts, newspaper clippings and information about the travel agency Hay and her husband owned and operated in the 1930s.\n Included in the collection are also the papers of the Philosophy of Education Society Papers. The Philosophy of Education Society was organized in 1942. Its primary objectives were to advance and improve teaching in the Philosophy of Education, to cultivate fruitful relationships between workers in general philosophy and workers in philosophy of education, and to encourage promising young students in the field of philosophy of education. Marion Hay was President of the Society from 1955-1956 as well as its Secretary and Historian. This collection consists of only a portion of the Society's Southeast region papers in addition to some records of the national group.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Philosophy of Education Society","Hay, Marion Jewell","Pepper, Claude, 1900-1989","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 82-3","/repositories/10/resources/88"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891-1980"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Marion Hay Collection, 1891-1980"],"collection_title_tesim":["Marion Hay Collection, 1891-1980"],"collection_ssim":["Marion Hay Collection, 1891-1980"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"creator_ssm":["Hay, Marion Jewell"],"creator_ssim":["Hay, Marion Jewell"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hay, Marion Jewell"],"creators_ssim":["Hay, Marion Jewell"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. 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Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMarion Jewell Hay was born near Irving, Kansas, March 9, 1900. She received her secondary school education in Colorado, graduating from the Cheyenne Mountain High School in Colorado Springs. She received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University of Illinois in 1921, following which she taught a year at Henderson Brown College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. She attended Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1923, receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1924. During the year 1924-25, Mrs. Hay held a graduate assistantship in the Department of Principles of Education and an assistantship in Spanish. From September 1925 to December 1928 she served as an instructor of the Department of Romance Languages while pursuing the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. In 1929 she became a professor of education at Florida State College for Women, and remained at Florida State until her retirement in 1967. Marion Jewell Hay traveled extensively before she came to Florida State. Among her travels were foreign study trips to Universidad Nacional de Mejico, 1922-1924; Centro de Estudios Historicos (Madrid) and Alliance Francaise and Sorbonne (Paris) 1928-1929. In 1926, after her marriage to Harry Hilts Hay, he accompanied her abroad.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe couple began taking students from F. S. C. W. to Europe during summer vacations. This activity blossomed into a travel agency in the 1930s. 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Various scholarships were financed from her own pocket in an attempt to insure that deserving students remained enrolled at Florida State.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Marion Jewell Hay was born near Irving, Kansas, March 9, 1900. She received her secondary school education in Colorado, graduating from the Cheyenne Mountain High School in Colorado Springs. She received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University of Illinois in 1921, following which she taught a year at Henderson Brown College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. She attended Ohio State University on a scholarship in 1923, receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1924. During the year 1924-25, Mrs. Hay held a graduate assistantship in the Department of Principles of Education and an assistantship in Spanish. From September 1925 to December 1928 she served as an instructor of the Department of Romance Languages while pursuing the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. In 1929 she became a professor of education at Florida State College for Women, and remained at Florida State until her retirement in 1967. Marion Jewell Hay traveled extensively before she came to Florida State. Among her travels were foreign study trips to Universidad Nacional de Mejico, 1922-1924; Centro de Estudios Historicos (Madrid) and Alliance Francaise and Sorbonne (Paris) 1928-1929. In 1926, after her marriage to Harry Hilts Hay, he accompanied her abroad.\n The couple began taking students from F. S. C. W. to Europe during summer vacations. This activity blossomed into a travel agency in the 1930s. In 1941 Harry Hilts Hay, after purchasing an airplane and learning to fly, was accepted as pilot by the British Royal Air Force. On his way to serve in Great Britian his small ship was attacked by a German submarine. He was not among the survivors of the attack. Mrs. Hay took a leave of absence from F. S. C. W for six years to serve on the Board of Censorship and with the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency. At this time Mrs. Hay sold the travel agency, and upon her retirement from F. S. U. repurchased it. She served as President of Tallahassee Travel and Tours until 1978. Besides her lengthy teaching career and wide travels she was also touched by hardship suffered by those around her. Freeing political prisoners, helping those who had experienced and been impacted by war , and providing health care for needy rural school children were part of her relief efforts. Various scholarships were financed from her own pocket in an attempt to insure that deserving students remained enrolled at Florida State."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMarion Hay Collection, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-82-3\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Marion Hay Collection, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-82-3"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHay Collection processed November 1986. Philosophy of Education Society Papers processed May 1987.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Hay Collection processed November 1986. Philosophy of Education Society Papers processed May 1987."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther collections housed at FSU Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives that may contain references to Mrs. Hay are the following: Stephen Graham Collection, Jewell Family Papers, Rathindranath Tagore Collection and Arthur \u0026amp; Mayce Seymour Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Other collections housed at FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives that may contain references to Mrs. Hay are the following: Stephen Graham Collection, Jewell Family Papers, Rathindranath Tagore Collection and Arthur \u0026 Mayce Seymour Collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes personal correspondence, classroom notes, and handouts, newspaper clippings and information about the travel agency Hay and her husband owned and operated in the 1930s.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIncluded in the collection are also the papers of the Philosophy of Education Society Papers. The Philosophy of Education Society was organized in 1942. Its primary objectives were to advance and improve teaching in the Philosophy of Education, to cultivate fruitful relationships between workers in general philosophy and workers in philosophy of education, and to encourage promising young students in the field of philosophy of education. Marion Hay was President of the Society from 1955-1956 as well as its Secretary and Historian. This collection consists of only a portion of the Society's Southeast region papers in addition to some records of the national group.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes personal correspondence, classroom notes, and handouts, newspaper clippings and information about the travel agency Hay and her husband owned and operated in the 1930s.\n Included in the collection are also the papers of the Philosophy of Education Society Papers. The Philosophy of Education Society was organized in 1942. Its primary objectives were to advance and improve teaching in the Philosophy of Education, to cultivate fruitful relationships between workers in general philosophy and workers in philosophy of education, and to encourage promising young students in the field of philosophy of education. Marion Hay was President of the Society from 1955-1956 as well as its Secretary and Historian. This collection consists of only a portion of the Society's Southeast region papers in addition to some records of the national group."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"names_coll_ssim":["Philosophy of Education Society","Pepper, Claude, 1900-1989"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Philosophy of Education Society","Hay, Marion Jewell","Pepper, Claude, 1900-1989"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Philosophy of Education Society"],"persname_ssim":["Hay, Marion Jewell","Pepper, Claude, 1900-1989"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":272,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"f2ece413632e109d569ef619","timestamp":"2026-04-15T11:50:17.557Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f2ece413632e109d569ef619_aspace_201338"}},{"id":"99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b_aspace_92651","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1964 Falcon Automobile, 1963","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b_aspace_92651#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003e14 items\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b_aspace_92651#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_92651","ref_ssm":["aspace_92651","aspace_92651"],"id":"99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b_aspace_92651","title_filing_ssi":"1964 Falcon Automobile","title_ssm":["1964 Falcon Automobile"],"title_tesim":["1964 Falcon Automobile"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1963"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1963"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1964 Falcon Automobile, 1963"],"text":["1964 Falcon Automobile, 1963","W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974","Personal Business Papers, 1928-1974","Folder 3","/repositories/10/archival_objects/45154","box 47","folder 03","14 items"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b","99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b_aspace_92627"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974","Personal Business Papers, 1928-1974"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974","Personal Business Papers, 1928-1974"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 3","/repositories/10/archival_objects/45154"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":350,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"containers_ssim":["box 47","folder 03"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e14 items\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["14 items"],"_nest_path_":"/components#20/components#20","_nest_parent_":"99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b_aspace_92627","_root_":"99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b","timestamp":"2026-04-15T09:34:27.722Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b","title_ssm":["W. May Walker Papers"],"title_tesim":["W. May Walker Papers"],"ead_ssi":"99ae5bd8ba78cc01fbbd810b","unitdate_ssm":["1901-1974","1925-1974","Date acquired: 00/00/1976"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1925-1974"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1901-1974"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 00/00/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 1976-012","/repositories/10/resources/399"],"text":["MSS 1976-012","/repositories/10/resources/399","W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974","Judges--Florida","Tallahassee (Fla.)--Civil Rights","Tallahassee--Rape.","Tallahassee Relations (History)","Civil Rights--Florida--History","Addresses","Memorials","The collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library.","Judge W. May Walker was born William May Walker in Crawfordville, Wakulla County, Florida on May 2, 1905, the son of Nat R. Walker and Alice (Tully) Walker, both of Crawfordville. The judge acquired his name from his grandfather, as did a number of others in the Walker family. In his boyhood, his full name of William May was shortened to May. At the age of ten, both Walker parents died and he was sent to live with an aunt in Leon County. After attending public schools in Leon County, he received his Bachelor of Law degree from Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tennessee, in 1927. That same year, after passing the Florida Bar exam, he began to practice of law in Tallahassee.\n In 1932 he made his first bid for public office, running for County Judge of Leon County, Florida and won over his two opponents in the first primary. He was re-elected in 1936 for another four years, He served as county judge and ex-officio juvenile court judge for Leon County for eight years before being elected to the circuit bench. Walker was nominated in 1940 to replace retiring Judge J.B. Johnson. But before Walker assumed the position of circuit court judge, Judge Johnson died. Walker was appointed to fill Johnson's unexpired term. Running unopposed, he was elected to that post until his death on September, 16, 1974.\n He married Pansy Crosby, daughter of Joseph and Nora Horton Crosby in 1937 and had two sons, W. May Walker, Jr. and Joseph Stanley Walker. During his lengthy career, Judge Walker served on the Florida Supreme Court and presided over many important and internationally known cases on such issues as rape and capital punishment.\n Active in many professional organizations, Judge Walker was a member of the Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity, the American Judicature Society, the Tallahassee Bar, the Florida State Bar Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Conference of State Trial Judges.\n He was a 32-degree Scottish Rite Mason, Shriner, and a member of the Tallahassee Area Chamber of Commerce, the Woodmen of the World, the Seminole Boosters, the Florida Heritage Foundation, the Tallahassee Junior Museum, and the Florida Sheriffs' Association. He was also very active in the First Baptist Church in Tallahassee, where he taught Sunday school for several years and was ordained as a deacon in 1942.\n Included in the collection are papers belonging to his father Nat R. Walker. Nat Walker began his law career as a Clerk in the Court of Wakulla County. During the twelve years he served as County Clerk, he read and studied law. In 1880 Nat R. Walker was admitted to practice, finished his law courses and received a Bachelor of Law degree from Georgetown University in Washington D.C. Nat Walker was elected to serve in the Florida House of Representatives in 1893, 1899, and 1917. He also served as the Reading Clerk of the House for thirty years.","Staff members of the Special Collections Department processed the majority of this collection in August 1976. The final two boxes, comprised of the Personal Business Papers, was only partially processed and remained in that state until February 2002 when it was processed and the finding aid updated. In 2003 a NHRPC grant was awarded to the Special Collections Department to improve access to the civil rights manuscripts housed in the department. In August of 2003 a processing plan was developed stipulating that materials be re-housed according to archival standards. To improve access, all folders were labeled and all folders and boxes were re-numbered. Work was completed in November, 2003.","Staff members of the Special Collections Department processed the majority of this collection in August 1976.  The final two Boxes, comprised of the Personal Business Papers, was only partially processed and remained in that state until February 2002 when it was processed and the finding aid updated.  In 2003 an NHRPC grant was awarded to the Special Collection Department to improve access to the civil rights manuscripts housed in the department.  In August of 2003 a processing plan was developed stipulating that materials be re-housed according to archival standards.  To improve access, all folders were labeled and all folders and Boxes were re-numbered.  Work was completed in November 2003.","The papers of Judge W. May Walker cover all aspects of his legal career, and include correspondence, committee papers, legislative papers, rulings and opinions, as well as papers concerning particular cases. Judge Walker served as County Judge of Leon County and on the bench of the 2nd Judicial Circuit. Most of the papers in the collection cover the 1940s until his death, September 16, 1974. The Honorable Judge presided over many important cases covering such topics as civil rights, rape, and capital punishment. Included in the collection are papers belonging to his father, Nat R. Walker.","All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","The collection includes correspondence, committee papers, legislative papers, and legal papers such as rulings, opinions, and papers concerning particular cases. Judge Walker serived as County Judge of Leon County and on the bench of the 2nd Judicial Circuit. The great majority of the papers in the collection cover the time period from the 1940s until the time of his death, September 16, 1974. The collection includes the papers of Judge Walker's father, Nat R. Walker.","Claude Pepper Library.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Florida Bar","Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 1976-012","/repositories/10/resources/399"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974"],"collection_title_tesim":["W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974"],"collection_ssim":["W. May Walker Papers, 1901-1974, Date acquired: 00/00/1976, bulk 1925-1974"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"creator_ssm":["Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R."],"creator_ssim":["Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R."],"creators_ssim":["Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R."],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Given by Pansy Walker","The W. May Walker Papers were given directly to the Special Collections Department, Florida State University Libraries, by Pansy Walker of Tallahassee, Florida, in 1976."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Judges--Florida","Tallahassee (Fla.)--Civil Rights","Tallahassee--Rape.","Tallahassee Relations (History)","Civil Rights--Florida--History","Addresses","Memorials"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Judges--Florida","Tallahassee (Fla.)--Civil Rights","Tallahassee--Rape.","Tallahassee Relations (History)","Civil Rights--Florida--History","Addresses","Memorials"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["47.00 boxes 47 boxes","18.80 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["47.00 boxes 47 boxes","18.80 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open to all researchers. Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJudge W. May Walker was born William May Walker in Crawfordville, Wakulla County, Florida on May 2, 1905, the son of Nat R. Walker and Alice (Tully) Walker, both of Crawfordville. The judge acquired his name from his grandfather, as did a number of others in the Walker family. In his boyhood, his full name of William May was shortened to May. At the age of ten, both Walker parents died and he was sent to live with an aunt in Leon County. After attending public schools in Leon County, he received his Bachelor of Law degree from Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tennessee, in 1927. That same year, after passing the Florida Bar exam, he began to practice of law in Tallahassee.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1932 he made his first bid for public office, running for County Judge of Leon County, Florida and won over his two opponents in the first primary. He was re-elected in 1936 for another four years, He served as county judge and ex-officio juvenile court judge for Leon County for eight years before being elected to the circuit bench. Walker was nominated in 1940 to replace retiring Judge J.B. Johnson. But before Walker assumed the position of circuit court judge, Judge Johnson died. Walker was appointed to fill Johnson's unexpired term. Running unopposed, he was elected to that post until his death on September, 16, 1974.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe married Pansy Crosby, daughter of Joseph and Nora Horton Crosby in 1937 and had two sons, W. May Walker, Jr. and Joseph Stanley Walker. During his lengthy career, Judge Walker served on the Florida Supreme Court and presided over many important and internationally known cases on such issues as rape and capital punishment.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eActive in many professional organizations, Judge Walker was a member of the Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity, the American Judicature Society, the Tallahassee Bar, the Florida State Bar Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Conference of State Trial Judges.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe was a 32-degree Scottish Rite Mason, Shriner, and a member of the Tallahassee Area Chamber of Commerce, the Woodmen of the World, the Seminole Boosters, the Florida Heritage Foundation, the Tallahassee Junior Museum, and the Florida Sheriffs' Association. He was also very active in the First Baptist Church in Tallahassee, where he taught Sunday school for several years and was ordained as a deacon in 1942.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIncluded in the collection are papers belonging to his father Nat R. Walker. Nat Walker began his law career as a Clerk in the Court of Wakulla County. During the twelve years he served as County Clerk, he read and studied law. In 1880 Nat R. Walker was admitted to practice, finished his law courses and received a Bachelor of Law degree from Georgetown University in Washington D.C. Nat Walker was elected to serve in the Florida House of Representatives in 1893, 1899, and 1917. He also served as the Reading Clerk of the House for thirty years.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Judge W. May Walker was born William May Walker in Crawfordville, Wakulla County, Florida on May 2, 1905, the son of Nat R. Walker and Alice (Tully) Walker, both of Crawfordville. The judge acquired his name from his grandfather, as did a number of others in the Walker family. In his boyhood, his full name of William May was shortened to May. At the age of ten, both Walker parents died and he was sent to live with an aunt in Leon County. After attending public schools in Leon County, he received his Bachelor of Law degree from Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tennessee, in 1927. That same year, after passing the Florida Bar exam, he began to practice of law in Tallahassee.\n In 1932 he made his first bid for public office, running for County Judge of Leon County, Florida and won over his two opponents in the first primary. He was re-elected in 1936 for another four years, He served as county judge and ex-officio juvenile court judge for Leon County for eight years before being elected to the circuit bench. Walker was nominated in 1940 to replace retiring Judge J.B. Johnson. But before Walker assumed the position of circuit court judge, Judge Johnson died. Walker was appointed to fill Johnson's unexpired term. Running unopposed, he was elected to that post until his death on September, 16, 1974.\n He married Pansy Crosby, daughter of Joseph and Nora Horton Crosby in 1937 and had two sons, W. May Walker, Jr. and Joseph Stanley Walker. During his lengthy career, Judge Walker served on the Florida Supreme Court and presided over many important and internationally known cases on such issues as rape and capital punishment.\n Active in many professional organizations, Judge Walker was a member of the Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity, the American Judicature Society, the Tallahassee Bar, the Florida State Bar Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Conference of State Trial Judges.\n He was a 32-degree Scottish Rite Mason, Shriner, and a member of the Tallahassee Area Chamber of Commerce, the Woodmen of the World, the Seminole Boosters, the Florida Heritage Foundation, the Tallahassee Junior Museum, and the Florida Sheriffs' Association. He was also very active in the First Baptist Church in Tallahassee, where he taught Sunday school for several years and was ordained as a deacon in 1942.\n Included in the collection are papers belonging to his father Nat R. Walker. Nat Walker began his law career as a Clerk in the Court of Wakulla County. During the twelve years he served as County Clerk, he read and studied law. In 1880 Nat R. Walker was admitted to practice, finished his law courses and received a Bachelor of Law degree from Georgetown University in Washington D.C. Nat Walker was elected to serve in the Florida House of Representatives in 1893, 1899, and 1917. He also served as the Reading Clerk of the House for thirty years."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStaff members of the Special Collections Department processed the majority of this collection in August 1976. The final two boxes, comprised of the Personal Business Papers, was only partially processed and remained in that state until February 2002 when it was processed and the finding aid updated. In 2003 a NHRPC grant was awarded to the Special Collections Department to improve access to the civil rights manuscripts housed in the department. In August of 2003 a processing plan was developed stipulating that materials be re-housed according to archival standards. To improve access, all folders were labeled and all folders and boxes were re-numbered. Work was completed in November, 2003.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Staff members of the Special Collections Department processed the majority of this collection in August 1976. The final two boxes, comprised of the Personal Business Papers, was only partially processed and remained in that state until February 2002 when it was processed and the finding aid updated. In 2003 a NHRPC grant was awarded to the Special Collections Department to improve access to the civil rights manuscripts housed in the department. In August of 2003 a processing plan was developed stipulating that materials be re-housed according to archival standards. To improve access, all folders were labeled and all folders and boxes were re-numbered. Work was completed in November, 2003."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], W. May Walker Papers, Claude Pepper Library, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/MSS_1976-012\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/MSS_1976-012\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], W. May Walker Papers, Claude Pepper Library, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/MSS_1976-012 ."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStaff members of the Special Collections Department processed the majority of this collection in August 1976.\u0026#xA0; The final two Boxes, comprised of the Personal Business Papers, was only partially processed and remained in that state until February 2002 when it was processed and the finding aid updated.\u0026#xA0; In 2003 an NHRPC grant was awarded to the Special Collection Department to improve access to the civil rights manuscripts housed in the department.\u0026#xA0; In August of 2003 a processing plan was developed stipulating that materials be re-housed according to archival standards.\u0026#xA0; To improve access, all folders were labeled and all folders and Boxes were re-numbered.\u0026#xA0; Work was completed in November 2003.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Staff members of the Special Collections Department processed the majority of this collection in August 1976.  The final two Boxes, comprised of the Personal Business Papers, was only partially processed and remained in that state until February 2002 when it was processed and the finding aid updated.  In 2003 an NHRPC grant was awarded to the Special Collection Department to improve access to the civil rights manuscripts housed in the department.  In August of 2003 a processing plan was developed stipulating that materials be re-housed according to archival standards.  To improve access, all folders were labeled and all folders and Boxes were re-numbered.  Work was completed in November 2003."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Judge W. May Walker cover all aspects of his legal career, and include correspondence, committee papers, legislative papers, rulings and opinions, as well as papers concerning particular cases. Judge Walker served as County Judge of Leon County and on the bench of the 2nd Judicial Circuit. Most of the papers in the collection cover the 1940s until his death, September 16, 1974. The Honorable Judge presided over many important cases covering such topics as civil rights, rape, and capital punishment. Included in the collection are papers belonging to his father, Nat R. Walker.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Judge W. May Walker cover all aspects of his legal career, and include correspondence, committee papers, legislative papers, rulings and opinions, as well as papers concerning particular cases. Judge Walker served as County Judge of Leon County and on the bench of the 2nd Judicial Circuit. Most of the papers in the collection cover the 1940s until his death, September 16, 1974. The Honorable Judge presided over many important cases covering such topics as civil rights, rape, and capital punishment. Included in the collection are papers belonging to his father, Nat R. Walker."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_23f8cf4995f41b64f32a79e7f034205f\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection includes correspondence, committee papers, legislative papers, and legal papers such as rulings, opinions, and papers concerning particular cases. Judge Walker serived as County Judge of Leon County and on the bench of the 2nd Judicial Circuit. The great majority of the papers in the collection cover the time period from the 1940s until the time of his death, September 16, 1974. The collection includes the papers of Judge Walker's father, Nat R. Walker.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection includes correspondence, committee papers, legislative papers, and legal papers such as rulings, opinions, and papers concerning particular cases. Judge Walker serived as County Judge of Leon County and on the bench of the 2nd Judicial Circuit. The great majority of the papers in the collection cover the time period from the 1940s until the time of his death, September 16, 1974. The collection includes the papers of Judge Walker's father, Nat R. Walker."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_49eb16ca27c6314ed1b0007c97a61da6\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library."],"names_coll_ssim":["Florida Bar","Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R."],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Florida Bar","Walker, W. May 1905-1974","Walker, Nat R."],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Florida Bar"],"persname_ssim":["Walker, W. 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He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. ","Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.","Lyrasis Special Collections","These materials are written in  English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945-1994"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["BIOGRAPHY"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["ABSTRACT"],"odd_tesim":["Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 2: FARM WORKERS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eAccession Processed in 1997.\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["SCOPE AND CONTENT","Accession Processed in 1997."],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_4daaeb965e441c44361e6101b0c557d4\"\u003eFor current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["These materials are written in  English"],"total_component_count_is":475,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-9"}},{"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10","type":"Undefined","attributes":{"title":"1964, June - December, .","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10","ref_ssm":["aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10","aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10"],"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10","title_filing_ssi":"1964, June - December, .","title_ssm":["1964, June - December, ."],"title_tesim":["1964, June - December, ."],"normalized_title_ssm":["1964, June - December, ."],"text":["1964, June - December, .","Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","Correspondence","/repositories/2/archival_objects/2468","Box 8","Folder 5"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c01-1-8-6-2-3","8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-3-2"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","Correspondence"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/2468"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Undefined"],"level_ssim":["Undefined"],"sort_isi":98,"containers_ssim":["Box 8","Folder 5"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#0/components#8","_nest_parent_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-3-2","_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers"],"title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers"],"ead_ssi":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","unitdate_ssm":["1945-1994"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1945-1994"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"text":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7","Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. ","Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.","Lyrasis Special Collections","These materials are written in  English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945-1994"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["BIOGRAPHY"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["ABSTRACT"],"odd_tesim":["Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 2: FARM WORKERS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eAccession Processed in 1997.\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["SCOPE AND CONTENT","Accession Processed in 1997."],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_4daaeb965e441c44361e6101b0c557d4\"\u003eFor current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["These materials are written in  English"],"total_component_count_is":475,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c03-1-8-6-2-3-2-10"}},{"id":"66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_84206","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1964: Mechanisms of Body Functions; business and miscellaneous, 1964","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_84206#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_84206","ref_ssm":["aspace_84206","aspace_84206"],"id":"66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_84206","title_filing_ssi":"1964: Mechanisms of Body Functions; business and miscellaneous","title_ssm":["1964: Mechanisms of Body Functions; business and miscellaneous"],"title_tesim":["1964: Mechanisms of Body Functions; business and miscellaneous"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1964: Mechanisms of Body Functions; business and miscellaneous, 1964"],"text":["1964: Mechanisms of Body Functions; business and miscellaneous, 1964","Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010","Professional papers, 1941-2010","Writings","Folder 3","/repositories/10/archival_objects/20918","box 158","folder 3"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["66acdd8a0f438be41593472d","66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_83008","66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_83033"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010","Professional papers, 1941-2010","Writings"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010","Professional papers, 1941-2010","Writings"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 3","/repositories/10/archival_objects/20918"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Dexter M. 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Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010.","The collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n \tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon","Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Documents pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 2010-1209","/repositories/10/resources/68"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"collection_title_tesim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"collection_ssim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"creator_ssm":["Easton, Dexter M."],"creator_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M."],"creators_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M."],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Matthew Easton, son of Dexter Easton.","Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Biology.","Physiology.","Neurosciences.","Neurophysiology.","Neuromuscular transmission.","Biophysics.","Gars.","Crustacea.","Mathematics, Gompertz","Florida State University. Dept. of Biological Science","Harvard University--History.","University of Washington--History","Clark University (Worcester, Mass.)","Florida State University--Faculty"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Biology.","Physiology.","Neurosciences.","Neurophysiology.","Neuromuscular transmission.","Biophysics.","Gars.","Crustacea.","Mathematics, Gompertz","Florida State University. 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Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Dexter M. Easton Papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida\nhttps://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1-03\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Dexter M. Easton Papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida\nhttps://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1-03"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n \tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ef3d6acf0f45483dc2688994c8216df9\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDocuments pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Documents pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor."],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"persname_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. 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Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Dexter M. Easton Papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida\nhttps://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1-03\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Dexter M. Easton Papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida\nhttps://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1-03"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n \tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ef3d6acf0f45483dc2688994c8216df9\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDocuments pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Documents pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor."],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"persname_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. 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