{"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Lyrasis+Special+Collections\u0026page=15\u0026view=list","prev":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Lyrasis+Special+Collections\u0026page=14\u0026view=list","next":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Lyrasis+Special+Collections\u0026page=16\u0026view=list","last":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Lyrasis+Special+Collections\u0026page=327\u0026view=list"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":15,"next_page":16,"prev_page":14,"total_pages":327,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":140,"total_count":3270,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref60","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"1Q2007 (first quarter), 2007","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref60#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref60","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref60","aspace_ref60"],"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref60","title_filing_ssi":"1Q2007 (first quarter)","title_ssm":["1Q2007 (first quarter)"],"title_tesim":["1Q2007 (first quarter)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1Q2007 (first quarter), 2007"],"text":["1Q2007 (first quarter), 2007","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management","Status reports","LUSciD Cosmology Status Reports","/repositories/2/archival_objects/585"],"component_level_isim":[5],"parent_ids_ssim":["fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref11","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref51","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref63","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref68"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management","Status reports","LUSciD Cosmology Status Reports"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management","Status reports","LUSciD Cosmology Status Reports"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","File","File","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/585"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"extent_ssm":["1.0 Electronic file","1.0 Electronic file"],"extent_tesim":["1.0 Electronic file","1.0 Electronic file"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":39,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Access\n            This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W.",""],"unitid_tesim":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creators_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n                \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003cchronlist\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n            \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n            \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n    \u003c/chronlist\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref60"}},{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref55","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"2008, 2008","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref55#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref55","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref55","aspace_ref55"],"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref55","title_filing_ssi":"2008","title_ssm":["2008"],"title_tesim":["2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["2008, 2008"],"text":["2008, 2008","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","NRAC Proposals","/repositories/2/archival_objects/580"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref11","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref52"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","NRAC Proposals"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","NRAC Proposals"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/580"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"extent_ssm":["1.0 Electronic file","1.0 Electronic file"],"extent_tesim":["1.0 Electronic file","1.0 Electronic file"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":44,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Access\n            This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["License\n            This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"NRAC 2008 Proposal\",\"href\":\"ark:/13030/c81n81s4\"}"],"date_range_isim":[2008],"_nest_path_":"/components#30/components#1/components#1","_nest_parent_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref52","_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","title_filing_ssi":"Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files","title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"ead_ssi":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","unitdate_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"text":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data","Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W.",""],"unitid_tesim":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creators_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n                \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003cchronlist\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n            \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n            \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n    \u003c/chronlist\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref55"}},{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref59","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"#3 (Domestic News and Editorial Opinion), Dec. 29, 1941","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref59#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref59","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref59","aspace_ref59"],"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref59","title_filing_ssi":"#3 (Domestic News and Editorial Opinion)","title_ssm":["#3 (Domestic News and Editorial Opinion)"],"title_tesim":["#3 (Domestic News and Editorial Opinion)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Dec. 29, 1941"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Dec. 29, 1941"],"normalized_title_ssm":["#3 (Domestic News and Editorial Opinion), Dec. 29, 1941"],"text":["#3 (Domestic News and Editorial Opinion), Dec. 29, 1941","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials","/repositories/2/archival_objects/25","Box 2","Folder 19"],"component_level_isim":[4],"parent_ids_ssim":["77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref18","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref51","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/25"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":14,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["IP Rights\n      Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"containers_ssim":["Box 2","Folder 19"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#6/components#0/components#0","_nest_parent_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56","_root_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:06.776Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers"],"ead_ssi":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","unitdate_ssm":["1847-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1847-1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"text":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.","Arrangement note Arranged in four series: 1. 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See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eIP Rights\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eIntellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["IP Rights"],"userestrict_tesim":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. 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Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n                \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003cchronlist\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n            \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n            \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n    \u003c/chronlist\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref59"}},{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref60","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"#5 (President's State of Union Message), Jan. 12, 1942","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref60#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref60","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref60","aspace_ref60"],"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref60","title_filing_ssi":"#5 (President's State of Union Message)","title_ssm":["#5 (President's State of Union Message)"],"title_tesim":["#5 (President's State of Union Message)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Jan. 12, 1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Jan. 12, 1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["#5 (President's State of Union Message), Jan. 12, 1942"],"text":["#5 (President's State of Union Message), Jan. 12, 1942","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials","/repositories/2/archival_objects/26","Box 2","Folder 20"],"component_level_isim":[4],"parent_ids_ssim":["77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref18","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref51","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/26"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":15,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["IP Rights\n      Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"containers_ssim":["Box 2","Folder 20"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#6/components#0/components#1","_nest_parent_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56","_root_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:06.776Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers"],"ead_ssi":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","unitdate_ssm":["1847-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1847-1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"text":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.","Arrangement note Arranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials.","Family History The Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices. Significant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection.","Custodial History note When Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986.","Processing Information note The collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material.","Related Archival Materials note Other additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University.","Scope and Contents note The Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities. See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents.","IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.","Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information.","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982","English","","Collection materials are all in English."],"unitid_tesim":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1847-1963"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"creator_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"creator_persname_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wayward family"],"creators_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"access_terms_ssm":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Donated in 1986 by Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, a graduate of Carpe Diem University."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"The MOON\",\"href\":\"1\"}"],"extent_ssm":["2.0 Linear Feet","2 Box","2.0 Linear feet","2 record cartons"],"extent_tesim":["2.0 Linear Feet","2 Box","2.0 Linear feet","2 record cartons"],"date_range_isim":[1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAppraisal note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal note"],"appraisal_tesim":["Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eArranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note Arranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eFamily History\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eSignificant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Family History"],"bioghist_tesim":["Family History The Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices. Significant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eCustodial History note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eWhen Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History note"],"custodhist_tesim":["Custodial History note When Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003e[Item title / description; Box \"n\" / Folder \"n\"]. Wayward Family Papers (MSS 1776). Your\n        Name Here Special Collections. Carpe Diem University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation note [Item title / description; Box \"n\" / Folder \"n\"]. Wayward Family Papers (MSS 1776). Your\n        Name Here Special Collections. Carpe Diem University."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRelated Archival Materials note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eOther additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials note"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related Archival Materials note Other additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eSee the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities. See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eIP Rights\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eIntellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["IP Rights"],"userestrict_tesim":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information.","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information."],"names_coll_ssim":["Wayward family","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen"],"famname_ssim":["Wayward family"],"persname_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982"],"language_ssim":["English","","Collection materials are all in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":26,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:06.776Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref60"}},{"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4","type":"Undefined","attributes":{"title":"60 Minutes interview, 1973","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4","ref_ssm":["aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4","aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4"],"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4","title_filing_ssi":"60 Minutes interview,","title_ssm":["60 Minutes interview,"],"title_tesim":["60 Minutes interview,"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1973"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1973"],"normalized_title_ssm":["60 Minutes interview, 1973"],"text":["60 Minutes interview, 1973","Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","AUDIO","/repositories/2/archival_objects/2375","Box 46","Folder 3"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c01-1-8-6-3-8"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","AUDIO"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","AUDIO"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/2375"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Undefined"],"level_ssim":["Undefined"],"sort_isi":471,"containers_ssim":["Box 46","Folder 3"],"_nest_path_":"/components#11/components#2","_nest_parent_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c01-1-8-6-3-8","_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers"],"title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers"],"ead_ssi":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","unitdate_ssm":["1945-1994"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1945-1994"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"text":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7","Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. ","Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.","Lyrasis Special Collections","These materials are written in  English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945-1994"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["BIOGRAPHY"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["ABSTRACT"],"odd_tesim":["Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 2: FARM WORKERS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eAccession Processed in 1997.\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["SCOPE AND CONTENT","Accession Processed in 1997."],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_4daaeb965e441c44361e6101b0c557d4\"\u003eFor current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["These materials are written in  English"],"total_component_count_is":475,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-3-8-4"}},{"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2","type":"Undefined","attributes":{"title":"60 MINUTES transcript featuring Ben Yellen, .","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2","ref_ssm":["aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2","aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2"],"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2","title_filing_ssi":"60 MINUTES transcript featuring Ben Yellen, .","title_ssm":["60 MINUTES transcript featuring Ben Yellen, ."],"title_tesim":["60 MINUTES transcript featuring Ben Yellen, ."],"normalized_title_ssm":["60 MINUTES transcript featuring Ben Yellen, ."],"text":["60 MINUTES transcript featuring Ben Yellen, .","Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS","/repositories/2/archival_objects/2318","Box 37","Folder 1","Volume V, Number 7. January 14, 1973."],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c01-1-8-6-2-5"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/2318"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Undefined"],"level_ssim":["Undefined"],"sort_isi":368,"containers_ssim":["Box 37","Folder 1"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eVolume V, Number 7. January 14, 1973.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Volume V, Number 7. January 14, 1973."],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#0","_nest_parent_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c01-1-8-6-2-5","_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers"],"title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers"],"ead_ssi":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","unitdate_ssm":["1945-1994"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1945-1994"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"text":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7","Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994","Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. ","Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.","Lyrasis Special Collections","These materials are written in  English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 0193","/repositories/2/resources/7"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945-1994"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"collection_ssim":["Ben Yellen Papers, 1945-1994"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["14.40 Electronic file","14.40 linear feet (37 archives boxes)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["BIOGRAPHY"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ben Yellen was born on July 2, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, to Jake and Annie Yellen. He\nattended Boy's High School in Brooklyn, Columbia University and he graduated from Long\nIsland College of Medicine, now called The University of the State of New York Medical\nSchool, in 1931. Given the economic conditions prevalent during the Depression, Yellen\nturned to the government for employment. For the next decade he worked as a physician for\nthe Civilian Conservation Corps and served as a doctor in the Army. In 1942 he settled\npermanently in the town of Brawley in Imperial County, California. He chose Brawley\nlargely for its warm, dry climate, which he thought would be beneficial for his health.\nOnce settled in Imperial Valley Yellen found himself in one of the richest and most\nproductive agricultural regions in the United States. Roughly a decade and a half after\nhis arrival in Brawley Yellen initiated a protracted battle against the large-scale\ngrowers who dominated the region's economy and their representative institutions,\nincluding the Desert Growers Association and, especially, the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict.","At the time of his arrival in Brawley, Yellen joined the local medical society and\nestablished his own practice. He drew his patients primarily from the lower segments of\nImperial Valley's economic system. His treatment of braceros (i.e., Mexican migrant farm\nworkers) led him into the political activities that would occupy the last four decades of\nhis life. In 1956, at the age of 49, Yellen began agitating against the big growers and\nbrought suit against them and the Continental Life Insurance Company for defrauding\nmigrant workers of their medical insurance benefits. This activity led to his expulsion\nfrom the Imperial Valley Medical Society in 1959 on the charges that his early morning\naddresses to migrant workers informing them of their insurance benefits were unethical\nattempts to build his own practice at the cost of the physicians hired to treat the\nbraceros. Yellen continued to practice medicine independently, but his relationship with\nBrawley's Pioneer Memorial Hospital remained strained for the rest of his lifetime.\nAround 1959 or 1960 Yellen's attitude towards the braceros shifted, and he focused his\nwritings and attentions on the domestic farm workers displaced by Mexican immigrants. ","Although Yellen never abandoned his concern for farm workers, in 1961 his interests\nshifted as he expanded his attack on the big growers. At this time he embarked on the\ncrusade for which he is most well known--the lawsuits to enforce the Reclamation Law of\n1902. The central case in this effort was the United States vs the Imperial Irrigation\nDistrict in which Ben Yellen and 123 other citizens of Imperial County acted as amicus\ncuriae, pushing the case through the legal system. In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in\nthis case that the Reclamation Law did apply in Imperial Valley and that all growers\nreceiving federal irrigation water were restricted to 160 acres per person in the\nhousehold. Before this ruling could take effect however, California Senator Alan Cranston\npassed an amendment in the last days of the session that year exempting Imperial Valley\nfrom the Reclamation Law, thereby nullifying the Supreme Court decision and Yellen's\ngreatest victory. ","In addition to his legal activities, Yellen actively engaged in local electoral politics\nbeginning in the 1960s and continuing into the 1990s. Throughout these three decades,\nYellen ran for almost every conceivable local office, always on a platform of restricting\nthe power and influence of the big growers for the benefit of the \"little guy.\" In 1964,\nin his only electoral success, Yellen won a four-year term as a Brawley city councilman.\nTo get his views across to the public, Yellen distributed thousands of his own\nmimeographed newsletters, locally termed \"yellowsheets\" because of the yellow paper he\nused. With a canvas bag thrown over his shoulder, Yellen paced the streets of Imperial\nValley placing thousands of yellowsheets on car seats or under windshield wipers.\nYellen's pamphleteering lessened in the 1970s as his health and mobility declined; as a\nresult he increasingly relied on local newspapers to publish his \"letters to the editor\"\nto disseminate his political ideas.","During the final decade of his life, Yellen found himself in a new battle as the result\nof a malpractice suit following the death of a two-year old boy he injected with a\ncompounded prescription. Although he was ultimately cleared of wrong doing in the boy's\ndeath, his medical license was revoked by the state of California on November 16, 1983.\nHe spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his license. In 1987 he succeeded,\nbut the Board of Medical Quality Assurance placed so many restrictions on his return to\nmedicine that he never resumed an active practice.","In 1993 farm workers reappeared as the focus of Yellen's attention when he initiated a\nlawsuit against Attorney General Janet Reno to stop the flow of illegal Mexican\nimmigrants who took jobs from domestic farm workers. The suit never amounted to anything\ndue to Yellen's death the following year.","Yellen died in his home in Brawley on July 1, 1994, one day before he would have turned\n87. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["ABSTRACT"],"odd_tesim":["Papers of Benjamin L. Yellen (1907-1994), physician and political activist in Brawley,\nCalifornia. Most materials date from 1948 to 1994 and pertain to water, farming and\nmedical issues in Southern California. Typewritten correspondence forms the core of the\ncollection, while newspaper clippings, newsletters and published and government documents\ncompose the supporting materials. The collection is organized into five series: 1)\nYELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL\nACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Ben Yellen Papers, MSS 0193. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBen Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 2: FARM WORKERS\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAround 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eYellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eAccession Processed in 1997.\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["SCOPE AND CONTENT","Accession Processed in 1997."],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Ben Yellen Papers document grassroots social and political activism in the arenas of\nwestern farm labor and water policy. Yellen's correspondence dates from 1948 to 1994 and\nencompasses a variety of topics: migrant farm workers, water policy, tax assessment,\nelectricity rates, local politics, the law, medical malpractice, and the compounding of\nprescriptions. The correspondence in each series is supported by an array of published\nmaterials, as well as documents from the Brawley city government and newsletters from a\nvariety of small organizations. ","Ben Yellen was a loud voice of protest against the entrenched power of California's\ncommercial farmers. Although his primary lawsuit to compel the federal government to\nenforce the 1902 Reclamation Law did not ultimately lead to the redistribution of land in\nImperial Valley, he brought the issue to national attention and caused the big growers\nsignificant discomfort and sizable legal bills. His correspondence and lawsuits allege\nhow the politically and economically powerful interests of Imperial Valley sought to\nsilence him by attacking his medical practice and his personal integrity. His incomplete\nand idiosyncratic collection of newsletters and small publications reveals a web of\nsmall, liberal organizations fighting for the rights of the poor. His crusades against\nthe tax and electricity \"swindles\" illustrate the extent to which the special privileges\nand power of the big growers affected the lives of citizens of Imperial Valley. Finally,\nYellen represented a style of liberalism that mixed a strong desire to do good with a\ndose of paternalism and a powerful sense of individual importance and empowerment.","Because of the scattered way in which Yellen gathered and disseminated information, much\nof the documentation gathered here is incomplete. For example, Yellen acquired the annual\nreports of the Imperial Irrigation District for the years between 1963 and 1990; however,\nnine of the twenty-seven years are missing. Additionally, Yellen solicited information\nabout major water projects in California, Arizona, and Colorado. As a result, the\ncollection contains snippets of data about projects such as the Salt River and Boulder\nCanyon, but not enough information for a coherent study of either topic. Generally\nspeaking, Yellen's correspondence is marred by his rambling prose style and his tendency\nto blur issues together in one letter. His letters are also highly repetitive because\nYellen remained focused on water and related issues for three decades and his ideas about\nthese topics changed little over time.","The collection is organized into five series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR;\n2) FARM WORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; and, 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS.","SERIES 1: YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series provides an overview of Yellen's ideas\nand activities. The series is arranged into two chronological subseries: A) Yellowsheets\nand B) Letters to the Editor. ","The \"Yellowsheets,\" or newsletters, were distributed by hand in the Imperial Valley and\nmailed to people throughout the country. The bulkdates from the 1960s and diminishes\nthrough the 1970s and 1980s. Yellen used the yellowsheets to present his views directly\nto the people of the Imperial Valley and to explain how he thought they were all being\nexploited by the big growers.","As the frequency of yellowsheets declined through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Yellen\nincreasingly relied on \"Letters to the Editor\" to express his views in public. The\nIMPERIAL VALLEY PRESS and the BRAWLEY NEWS published Yellen's letters beginning in 1960\nand continued to do so until 1992. The majority of this subseries comprises copies of\nprinted letters; however, originals for which we do not have a printed copy and originals\nwhich differ from the printed version are also held.","SERIES 2: FARM WORKERS","The FARM WORKERS series deals with the issue that first drew Yellen into social and\npolitical activism --the plight of Mexican migrant farm laborers. The series is organized\ninto three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and C) Supporting Materials. In the\nlate 1950s, Yellen formed the Committee for the Protection of Mexican Workers when he\nrealized that growers deducted medical insurance premiums from the paychecks of braceros,\nbut the workers themselves received inadequate health care and the Continental Life\nInsurance Company denied them benefits following injury. In addition to the \"insurance\nswindle,\" Yellen pointed out that growers charged workers exorbitant rates for room and\nboard while providing substandard food. Additionally, the growers restricted the number\nof hours braceros worked and thereby severely limited the amount of money they earned.","Around 1960 Yellen shifted his emphasis away from fighting for the rights of Mexican\nworkers to excluding them in favor of domestic farm workers. Yellen maintained both that\ngrowers imported Mexican migrants at the expense of domestic farm workers and that\nImperial Valley's economy suffered because Mexican workers sent their wages home and did\nnot buy goods in local stores.","The \"Correspondence\" subseries (1957-1994) is arranged chronologically and documents both\nthe ill treatment of Mexican workers and Yellen's philosophical shift away from their\ncause. The letters are mainly outgoing of government agencies and individuals, the\nDepartment of Labor, state and national senators, the California Department of\nEmployment, the National Advisory Committee on Farm Labor, and the Immigration and\nNaturalization Service.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries is also arranged chronologically and documents lawsuit and small\nclaims court appeals filed by workers to gain wages and benefits from the big growers who\nhad cheated them. Yellen initiated, or was in some way involved with, all of these cases.\nThe affidavits and claims contained within these lawsuits provide a glimpse of working\nconditions for farm workers in the late 1950s. ","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries includes financial statements; publications and\nnewsletters by small groups interested in the rights of farm workers, including the\nNational Advisory Committee on Farm Labor and Citizens for Farm Labor; and essays and\nreports about the conditions of farm work in California, including Grace Weist's\ndissertation HEALTH INSURANCE FOR BRACEROS: A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION\nUNDER PUBLIC LAW #78, for which Yellen helped gather data.","SERIES 3: WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES","The WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES series is the core and largest part of the\nYellen Papers. It is organized into three subseries: A) Correspondence, B) Lawsuits, and\nC) Supporting Material. Yellen discusses a variety of interrelated issues in his\ncorrespondence from 1959 to 1994; the enforcement of the 160 acres limitation; from the\nresidency requirement; the \"tax swindle;\" the \"electricity swindle,\" and electoral\npolitics in Brawley. Throughout his activist career, Yellen identified multiple levels on\nwhich the large land owners exploited the common people of Imperial Valley. He repeatedly\nargued that simple enforcement of the 160 acres limitation was insufficient to curtail\nthe power of the big growers. He doggedly maintained and propagated his beliefs through\nthree and a half decades of letter writing evidenced in this collection. He wrote letters\nto national political figures regularly in attempts to garner their attention to the\nlocal situation. For instance, he wrote to all the presidents, as well as senators and\nrepresentatives in key positions. He frequently wrote to people who were featured in\nnewspaper articles, as well as the authors of articles he found interesting. Running\nthroughout this correspondence are recurring solicitations to lawyers to work on his\nvarious cases, although he was largely unsuccessful and undertook many of his later\ncauses pro per. He also wrote continual solicitations to authors and television programs\nto visit Imperial Valley and publicize the story. In these letters, and others, he\nlamented what he saw as the persecution of his right to free speech by local authorities.\nHe maintained extended correspondence with a few private figures including George Ballis,\nCharles Smith, John Chappell, and his lawyer, Arthur Brunwasser.","The \"Lawsuits\" subseries contains legal documents from US vs Imperial Irrigation District\nand Ben Yellen vs Walter J. Hickel, as well as smaller related cases. The cases are\narranged chronologically by their beginning date and the folders are chronological within\neach case. This subseries also holds Ben Yellen vs Thomas Story, Ricky Macken, and the\nCity of Brawley, in its various manifestations. Yellen initiated this legal effort after\nhe was arrested while distributing his pamphlets at the 1984 Cattle Call Parade. This\nsuit marked the culmination of Yellen's struggle with the City of Brawley over his free\nspeech rights to distribute his pamphlets unmolested.","The \"Supporting Materials\" subseries contains a wide variety of material relating to\nYellen's interrelated interests, chiefly A) Western water, B) Electricity, C) Political\ncampaigns, D) the Imperial Irrigation District, and E) Imperial County and the City of\nBrawley. ","The \"Western water\" sub-subseries consists of reports and writings about western water\nissues. Much of the material is government documents and reports specifically related to\nthe Reclamation law and its applicability to the Imperial Valley. There is also a\ncollection of documents and pamphlets from different western water projects such as the\nPalo Verde Irrigation District, the Coachella Valley, the Central Valley Salton Sea, the\nSan Joaquin Valley, the Metropolitan Water District, the Salt River Project and other\nArizona projects, and the Colorado River Dam. Yellen amassed notable, although\nincomplete, runs of WESTERN WATER NEWS (1960-1995) and the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION\nWASHINGTON NEWSLETTER (1964-1991). Likewise, Yellen saved newsletters and small\npublications from the California Agrarian Action Project (1980-1984), the CALIFORNIA FARM\nCONSUMER REPORTER (1965-1973), California Homeowner (1963-1971), National Land for People\n(1976-1985), SHARECROPPER (1972-1974), and the National Sharecropers' Fund (1971-1984).","The second sub-subseries deals with Yellen's enduring interest in \"Electricity.\" In\nparticular, it contains Imperial Irrigation District electricity rate schedules and\npamphlets (1962-1989), as well as similar information for the Tennessee Valley Authority\n(1967-1992).","The third sub-subseries, \"Political campaigns,\" holds examples of Yellen's political\nadvertisements, as well as advertisements from other local campaigns. Most of this\nmaterial is from the 1960s.","Yellen's nemesis in his political activism was the Imperial Irrigation District, which\ncontrolled the distribution of water and electricity in Imperial Valley and was in turn\ncontrolled by the large growers. The fourth sub-subseries is a collection of IID\ndocuments including audit reports (1960-1964), annual reports (1963-1990) and the IID\npublication DISTRICT NEWS (1960-1974). Also included in this area are publications made\nby other pro-big farmer groups, including pamphlets specifically attacking Yellen. ","The fifth and final sub-subseries is a sizable collection of material pertaining to\nImperial County and the City of Brawley, including descriptions of and fiscal data about\nImperial County; the minutes of the Brawley Town Council for the years he served as a\ncouncilman (1964-1968); correspondence internal to the city about a variety of matters\nsuch as promotions in the police and fire departments and planning projects. ","SERIES 4: MEDICAL ISSUES","The fourth series is tangential to the rest of the collection because it deals with\nYellen's medical philosophy and practice. This series is organized into two subseries: A)\nCorrespondence, and B) Medical Malpractice Suit. ","The first subseries is arranged chronologically and contains the earliest correspondence\nin the collection. Beginning in the 1940s, Yellen wrote numerous letters to medical\njournals and other doctors explaining and advocating his habit of compounding\nprescriptions, that is, writing complex prescriptions patients or pharmacists would put\ntogether as substitutes for more expensive packaged brand name drugs. In fact, his first\ncrusade was against the pharmaceutical manufacturers who charged high prices for drugs he\ncompounded cheaply. Within this subseries are letters reflecting the day to day nature of\nhis medical practice, as well as his relationship with other physicians in the area.","In December of 1981, Yellen's insistence on compounding drugs got him into trouble when a\ntwo-year old boy died in his care. The second subseries contains the correspondence,\narranged chronologically, surrounding the \"Medical Malpractice Suit,\" Travis Kavanaugh vs\nBen Yellen, and Yellen's subsequent countersuits. The legal documents relating to these\nproceedings are also included.","SERIES 5: BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series contains select documents, such as a copy of Yellen's\nbirth certificate, photographs, a folder of personal correspondence, and a collection of\nsecondary articles about him including a transcript of his appearance on the television\nshow 60 MINUTES in 1973.","Accession Processed in 1997. The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image. The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO.  The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically. The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order. WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order. The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically. The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order. Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact. The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear.","The second accession contains materials that supplement those found in the first and\nlargest accession. Materials in this accession include: correspondence, legal documents,\nmedical records, personal ephemera, photographs, newspaper clippings, and audio tapes.\nThe series titles and arrangement mirror those of the first accession. The NEWSPAPER\nCLIPPINGS and AUDIO series are unique to the second accession and provide important\ndocumentation of Yellen's public role and image.","The accession is arranged into 7 series: 1) YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; 2)\nFARMWORKERS; 3) WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES; 4) MEDICAL ISSUES; 5)\nBIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS; 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) AUDIO. ","The YELLOWSHEETS AND LETTERS TO THE EDITOR series offers a small sampling of the\npamphlets and letters Yellen produced for public consumption. They document the core of\nYellen's political beliefs and activities. They are particularly notable for the attacks\nYellen undertook against prominent politicians and residents of Imperial Valley. Both the\nyellowsheets and letters to the editor are arranged chronologically.","The second series on FARMWORKERS is also quite short containing primarily Yellen's\ncorrespondence on behalf of braceros in Imperial Valley, as well as a few medical\nrecords. The series is in alphabetical order.","WATER AND RELATED POLITICAL ACTIVITIES is a more extensive series holding samples of\nYellen's correspondence. Additionally, a sample of receipts provides a hint at the amount\nof money Yellen spent on such things as paper for printing yellowsheets and radio and\nnewspaper advertising during his campaigns for political office. This series is also in\nalphabetical order.","The fourth series, MEDICAL ISSUES, is the most extensive portion of the accession. It\nbegins with Yellen's General Medical Correspondence, pertaining mostly to his practice of\ncompounding prescriptions. The bulk of the series is made up of documents relating to his\nmedical malpractice suit which began in 1981. There is a subseries of notes and papers\nthat appear to have come from his lawyer's office. Another subseries is dedicated to\nAnnabelle Hillock's Notes about the case against Yellen and his hearing before the Board\nof Medical Quality Assurance. Hillock was a friend of Yellen who assisted him in his pro\nper actions to defend himself against the accusation of malpractice and subsequently to\nregain his license. The final subseries consists of Legal Documents filed in the\nmalpractice case. The series and subseries are all arranged alphabetically.","The BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS series offers a variety of materialsincluding personal\ncorrespondence, documentation of his death, as well as an extensive collection of\nphotographs taken primarily early in Yellen's life. Also included are ephemera such as\nmatchbook covers with Yellen's picture on them, rubber stamps with much used slogans, and\nYellen's Physician's diary from the 1950s. The materials in this collection are in\nalphabetical order.","Series six, NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, is made up of newspaper articles about Yellen collected\nbetween 1958 and 1994. These clippings provide a narrative to Yellen's life by\ndocumenting his public trials and triumphs. The clippings are a good place to begin to\nget a sense of the chronology of Yellen's life and his public impact.","The final series, AUDIO, consists of audio tapes of a few of Yellen's public appearances.\nThe most notable of which is his \"60 MINUTES\" appearance in 1973. These materials in are\nchronological order as their titles of sometimes unclear."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_4daaeb965e441c44361e6101b0c557d4\"\u003eFor current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["For current information on the location of these\nmaterials, please consult the Library's online catalog."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["These materials are written in  English"],"total_component_count_is":475,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:50.878Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8a35f0553ff26b79965c963d_aspace_c02-1-8-6-2-5-2"}},{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref61","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"#6 (Treatment of News by Press and Radio, Jan. 16, 1942","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref61#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref61","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref61","aspace_ref61"],"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref61","title_filing_ssi":"#6 (Treatment of News by Press and Radio","title_ssm":["#6 (Treatment of News by Press and Radio"],"title_tesim":["#6 (Treatment of News by Press and Radio"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Jan. 16, 1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Jan. 16, 1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["#6 (Treatment of News by Press and Radio, Jan. 16, 1942"],"text":["#6 (Treatment of News by Press and Radio, Jan. 16, 1942","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials","/repositories/2/archival_objects/27","Box 2","Folder 21"],"component_level_isim":[4],"parent_ids_ssim":["77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref18","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref51","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/27"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":16,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["IP Rights\n      Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"containers_ssim":["Box 2","Folder 21"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#6/components#0/components#2","_nest_parent_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56","_root_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:06.776Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers"],"ead_ssi":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","unitdate_ssm":["1847-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1847-1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"text":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.","Arrangement note Arranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials.","Family History The Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices. Significant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection.","Custodial History note When Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986.","Processing Information note The collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material.","Related Archival Materials note Other additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University.","Scope and Contents note The Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities. See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents.","IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.","Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information.","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982","English","","Collection materials are all in English."],"unitid_tesim":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1847-1963"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"creator_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"creator_persname_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wayward family"],"creators_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"access_terms_ssm":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Donated in 1986 by Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, a graduate of Carpe Diem University."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"The MOON\",\"href\":\"1\"}"],"extent_ssm":["2.0 Linear Feet","2 Box","2.0 Linear feet","2 record cartons"],"extent_tesim":["2.0 Linear Feet","2 Box","2.0 Linear feet","2 record cartons"],"date_range_isim":[1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAppraisal note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal note"],"appraisal_tesim":["Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eArranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note Arranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eFamily History\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eSignificant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Family History"],"bioghist_tesim":["Family History The Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices. Significant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eCustodial History note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eWhen Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History note"],"custodhist_tesim":["Custodial History note When Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003e[Item title / description; Box \"n\" / Folder \"n\"]. Wayward Family Papers (MSS 1776). Your\n        Name Here Special Collections. Carpe Diem University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation note [Item title / description; Box \"n\" / Folder \"n\"]. Wayward Family Papers (MSS 1776). Your\n        Name Here Special Collections. Carpe Diem University."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRelated Archival Materials note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eOther additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials note"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related Archival Materials note Other additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eSee the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities. See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eIP Rights\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eIntellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["IP Rights"],"userestrict_tesim":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information.","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information."],"names_coll_ssim":["Wayward family","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen"],"famname_ssim":["Wayward family"],"persname_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982"],"language_ssim":["English","","Collection materials are all in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":26,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:06.776Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref61"}},{"id":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"8 MINI-ESSAYS, 1975","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d","ref_ssm":["aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d","aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d"],"id":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d","title_filing_ssi":"8 MINI-ESSAYS","title_ssm":["8 MINI-ESSAYS"],"title_tesim":["8 MINI-ESSAYS"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1975"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["8 MINI-ESSAYS, 1975"],"text":["8 MINI-ESSAYS, 1975","Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992","Accession Processed in 1987","ARTWORK","/repositories/2/archival_objects/254","Box 5","Folder 6"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9","af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_88c3f40f7cdaec27b56e1129d479904e","af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_c16fac9f41d63779bb8db74b03b27286"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992","Accession Processed in 1987","ARTWORK"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992","Accession Processed in 1987","ARTWORK"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/254"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":213,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Access\n         Collection is open for research.\n"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Publication Rights\n           Publication rights are held by the creator of the collection.\n        "],"containers_ssim":["Box 5","Folder 6"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#0/components#209","_nest_parent_":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_c16fac9f41d63779bb8db74b03b27286","_root_":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:21.985Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9","title_filing_ssi":"Brainard (Joe) Archive","title_ssm":["Joe Brainard Archive,"],"title_tesim":["Joe Brainard Archive,"],"ead_ssi":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9","unitdate_ssm":["1960-1992"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1960-1992"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 0005","/repositories/2/resources/3"],"text":["MSS 0005","/repositories/2/resources/3","Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992","American poetry -- 20th Century","Gay men -- United States -- Biography","Gay men in art","Gay men -- United States -- Poetry","Gay's writings","Prose poems, American","Fiction","Photographs -- 1964-1990.","Cartoons -- United States -- 20th Century","Lithographs -- 1960-1969.","Lithographs -- 1970-1979.","Collages -- 1960-1969.","Collages -- 1970-1979.","Oil paintings -- 1960-1969.","Oil paintings -- 1979-1979.","Watercolor drawings -- 1960-1969.","Watercolor drawings -- 1970-1979.","Lithographs -- 1960-1969 -- Color.","Made up genre","Access Collection is open for research.\n","Biography \nBorn in Arkansas in 1942 and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Brainard moved to New York City in 1961.  There, he quickly developed friendships with Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Bill Berkson, Barbara Guest, and other participants in the New York School.  The large number of collaborative works in the collection, as well as the many illustrations Brainard did for books by others,  reflect the sense of community shared by these artists.  \n \nBrainard's achievement, however, is remarkable quite aside from his many associations.  Brainard harmonized linguistic and visual materials in extraordinary ways.  His graphic work is notably literary, often incorporating words and sentences into non-literary designs.  Such qualities prompted Frank O'Hara to say that Brainard's work had \"nothing to do with philosophy, it's all art.\"  Both the art work and writing is full of information and frequently takes erotic and semiotic risks.  In one of his more scandalous serial works, Brainard subjected Ernie Bushmiller's Nancy to every imaginable erotic and high art situation.  \n \nA prolific artist, Brainard's work has been exhibited extensively in the New York City area since the early 1960s.  His first retrospective show, consisting of work from 1960-1970, took place at the Phyllis Kind Gallery in Chicago in 1970.  In the mid-1970s he created over 3,000 miniature collages, paintings, and drawings for a major show at the Fischbach Gallery in Manhattan.  The materials gathered in the Joe Brainard Archive were first exhibited at the Long Beach Museum of Art in 1980.  In 1986 they were again exhibited at UCSD.\n \nLike Joe Brainard, Alex Katz is a New York City artist.  He has given numerous solo shows since the early 1960s, and many of his works have been added to numerous public art collections throughout the country.  Unlike Brainard, Katz has created a depthless, planar art which strips the visual image of its narrative, literary aura.  The result, as one critic has noted, is an image of a reality that is of no consequence.  \n","Scope and Content of Collection \nAccession Processed in 1987 \nThe Joe Brainard Archive contains approximately 300 examples of Brainard's art work as well as book and cover illustrations, manuscripts, and published writings, all dating from ca. 1960 to 1979.  Primarily a study collection, the importance of the Joe Brainard Archive is in documenting the wide range, topical as well as technical, of Joe Brainard's artistic production over a twenty year period, ca. 1960-1979.  The collection also includes several art works and many books by other notable artists and writers.  These materials have been arranged in five series:  1) ARTWORK, 2) MANUSCRIPTS, 3) CORRESPONDENCE, 4) CATALOGS, and 5) BIBLIOGRAPHIES.  \n \nSERIES 1: ARTWORK\n \nThis series comprises 161 pieces of Brainard's graphic art and another 20 pieces, most by Alex Katz.  Reflecting the many styles, dimensions, and media with which Brainard experimented during his career, these works include collages (including many of the miniatures Brainard constructed for a show of his in work in 1975), oil and watercolor abstractions, graphite portraits of several well known writers, original cover art for books by Ted Berrigan and John Ashbery, and the original art work for numerous \"comic strips\" done in collaboration with various writers.   \n \nSERIES 2: MANUSCRIPTS\n \nThe MANUSCRIPTS series, arranged chronologically,  includes the notebooks and original manuscripts for nine books of writing by Brainard.  Several manuscripts by Ted Berrigan, Tom Clark, Philip Gambone, and Rudy Kikel are also included.  \n \nSERIES 3: CORRESPONDENCE\n \nThe CORRESPONDENCE series consists primarily of letters from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts.  In addition, there are letters from Ned Rorem and Virgil Thompson to Brainard, and letters from Ron Padgett, John Giorno, Larry Fagin, and others to Robert Butts.\n \nSERIES 4: CATALOGS \n \nCatalogs for Brainard and Alex Katz exhibitions comprise the CATALOGS series.  Also included are numerous reviews of Katz's work.\n \nSERIES 5: BIBLIOGRAPHIES\n \nVarious checklists constructed by Robert Butts and documenting Brainard's production since 1961 are contained in series five, BIBLIOGRAPHIES.\n \nSEPARATION NOTE\n \nBooks and journals received in the 1984 accession of the Joe Brainard Archive have been separated from the collection and added elsewhere to the library's holdings.  To identify and list these items, conduct an author search in ROGER on the term \"Butts, Robert, former owner.\" \n \nAccessions Processed in 1991 \nThe accessions to the Joe Brainard Archive processed in 1991 contain originals of artwork by Joe Brainard for collaborations with Bill Berkson and Kenward Elmslie, and correspondence related to Robert Butts' projects.  The materials are arranged in four series: 1) CORRESPONDENCE, 2) ARTWORK, 3) MANUSCRIPTS, and 4) PHOTOGRAPHS.\n \nSERIES 1: CORRESPONDENCE\n \nThe CORRESPONDENCE series includes letters from Bill Berkson to Robert Butts concerning publication of his book \"Serenade\" and correspondence from Joe Brainard.  The materials date between 1986 and 1987 and are organized alphabetically by correspondent.\n \nSERIES 2: ARTWORK\n \nThe ARTWORK series contains original drawings by Joe Brainard for three collaborative works with Bill Berkson and THE BABY BOOK with Kenward Elmslie.  Also included are original art by Brainard for miscellaneous poetry readings and flyers.  The materials are arranged alphabetically by title.\n \nSERIES 3: MANUSCRIPTS\n \nThe MANUSCRIPTS series contains photocopies of proofs for Bill Berkson's \"Cnidus, August 4th.\"\n \nSERIES 4: PHOTOGRAPHS\n \nAn excellent portrait of Joe Brainard by photographer Elizabeth Hathon is located in the PHOTOGRAPHS series.  Also included are color transparencies of an eight-piece exhibit entitled \"The Gang of Eight.\"\n \nAccession Processed in 1993 \nThe 1993 accession of the Joe Brainard Archive comprises 16 letters and postcards from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts, most of which are birthday or holiday greetings.  Also included is a print by Andy Warhol.","Publication Rights   Publication rights are held by the creator of the collection.\n        ","Materials collected by Robert Butts consisting primarily of diverse works by and regarding the popular New York artist and writer Joe Brainard (1942-1994).  Brainard was the author of fifteen books of writing, the illustrator of numerous other books produced by members of the New York School, and a celebrated graphic artist whose work covered a broad range of sizes, styles and media.  The Joe Brainard Archive consists of numerous examples of Brainard's graphic work dating from 1962 to 1979, most of the books illustrated by Brainard, all of Brainard's manuscripts and published writings, notebooks for Brainard's I REMEMBER series and several other books, Brainard's correspondence with members of the Butts family and correspondence to Brainard from Ned Rorem and Virgil Thompson, checklists of Brainard's artistic production constructed by Robert Butts, and a selection of articles devoted to Brainard's career.\nIn addition to the Brainard materials, the Joe Brainard Archive also includes several lithographs by Alex Katz (b. 1927), an oil painting by Tom Clark, and a few ink sketches by poets Ron Padgett and Allen Ginsberg.  There are also manuscripts of Ted Berrigan, Tom Clark and Rudy Kikel, in addition to broadsides and books written by New York School writers such as John Ashbery, Edwin Denby, and Kenneth Koch.\nThe accessions processed in 1991 contain primarily original artworks by Joe Brainard in collaborations with Bill Berkson and Kenward Elmslie, including THE BABY BOOK (1965).  Also included are correspondence, manuscript materials and photographs. The accession processed in 1993 comprises 16 letters and postcards from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts and one print by Andy Warhol.","Lyrasis Special Collections","Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- Archives","Brainard, Joe, 1942- , -- correspondent","Berkson, Bill, -- correspondent","Thomson, Virgil, 1896- -- correspondent","Greenwald, Ted, -- correspondent","Fagin, Larry, -- correspondent","Padgett, Ron, -- correspondent","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- artist","Clark, Tom, 1941- -- artist","Katz, Alex, 1927- -- artist","Padgett, Ron, -- artist","Berrigan, Ted","Kikel, Rudy, 1943-","Warhol, Andy,","Collection materials in English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 0005","/repositories/2/resources/3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1960-1992"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992"],"collection_title_tesim":["Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992"],"collection_ssim":["Joe Brainard Archive, 1960-1992"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert"],"creator_ssim":["Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert"],"creators_ssim":["Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert"],"access_terms_ssm":["Publication Rights   Publication rights are held by the creator of the collection.\n        "],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acquisition Information Not Available"],"access_subjects_ssim":["American poetry -- 20th Century","Gay men -- United States -- Biography","Gay men in art","Gay men -- United States -- Poetry","Gay's writings","Prose poems, American","Fiction","Photographs -- 1964-1990.","Cartoons -- United States -- 20th Century","Lithographs -- 1960-1969.","Lithographs -- 1970-1979.","Collages -- 1960-1969.","Collages -- 1970-1979.","Oil paintings -- 1960-1969.","Oil paintings -- 1979-1979.","Watercolor drawings -- 1960-1969.","Watercolor drawings -- 1970-1979.","Lithographs -- 1960-1969 -- Color.","Made up genre"],"access_subjects_ssm":["American poetry -- 20th Century","Gay men -- United States -- Biography","Gay men in art","Gay men -- United States -- Poetry","Gay's writings","Prose poems, American","Fiction","Photographs -- 1964-1990.","Cartoons -- United States -- 20th Century","Lithographs -- 1960-1969.","Lithographs -- 1970-1979.","Collages -- 1960-1969.","Collages -- 1970-1979.","Oil paintings -- 1960-1969.","Oil paintings -- 1979-1979.","Watercolor drawings -- 1960-1969.","Watercolor drawings -- 1970-1979.","Lithographs -- 1960-1969 -- Color.","Made up genre"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["32.20 Electronic file (8 archives boxes,  59 art bin items and 88 oversize folders)","32.20 linear feet (8 archives boxes,  59 art bin items and 88 oversize folders)"],"extent_tesim":["32.20 Electronic file (8 archives boxes,  59 art bin items and 88 oversize folders)","32.20 linear feet (8 archives boxes,  59 art bin items and 88 oversize folders)"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs -- 1964-1990.","Cartoons -- United States -- 20th Century","Lithographs -- 1960-1969.","Lithographs -- 1970-1979.","Collages -- 1960-1969.","Collages -- 1970-1979.","Oil paintings -- 1960-1969.","Oil paintings -- 1979-1979.","Watercolor drawings -- 1960-1969.","Watercolor drawings -- 1970-1979.","Lithographs -- 1960-1969 -- Color.","Made up genre"],"date_range_isim":[1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access Collection is open for research.\n"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eBiography\u003c/head\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nBorn in Arkansas in 1942 and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Brainard moved to New York City in 1961.  There, he quickly developed friendships with Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Bill Berkson, Barbara Guest, and other participants in the New York School.  The large number of collaborative works in the collection, as well as the many illustrations Brainard did for books by others,  reflect the sense of community shared by these artists.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nBrainard's achievement, however, is remarkable quite aside from his many associations.  Brainard harmonized linguistic and visual materials in extraordinary ways.  His graphic work is notably literary, often incorporating words and sentences into non-literary designs.  Such qualities prompted Frank O'Hara to say that Brainard's work had \"nothing to do with philosophy, it's all art.\"  Both the art work and writing is full of information and frequently takes erotic and semiotic risks.  In one of his more scandalous serial works, Brainard subjected Ernie Bushmiller's Nancy to every imaginable erotic and high art situation.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nA prolific artist, Brainard's work has been exhibited extensively in the New York City area since the early 1960s.  His first retrospective show, consisting of work from 1960-1970, took place at the Phyllis Kind Gallery in Chicago in 1970.  In the mid-1970s he created over 3,000 miniature collages, paintings, and drawings for a major show at the Fischbach Gallery in Manhattan.  The materials gathered in the Joe Brainard Archive were first exhibited at the Long Beach Museum of Art in 1980.  In 1986 they were again exhibited at UCSD.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nLike Joe Brainard, Alex Katz is a New York City artist.  He has given numerous solo shows since the early 1960s, and many of his works have been added to numerous public art collections throughout the country.  Unlike Brainard, Katz has created a depthless, planar art which strips the visual image of its narrative, literary aura.  The result, as one critic has noted, is an image of a reality that is of no consequence.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["Biography \nBorn in Arkansas in 1942 and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Brainard moved to New York City in 1961.  There, he quickly developed friendships with Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Bill Berkson, Barbara Guest, and other participants in the New York School.  The large number of collaborative works in the collection, as well as the many illustrations Brainard did for books by others,  reflect the sense of community shared by these artists.  \n \nBrainard's achievement, however, is remarkable quite aside from his many associations.  Brainard harmonized linguistic and visual materials in extraordinary ways.  His graphic work is notably literary, often incorporating words and sentences into non-literary designs.  Such qualities prompted Frank O'Hara to say that Brainard's work had \"nothing to do with philosophy, it's all art.\"  Both the art work and writing is full of information and frequently takes erotic and semiotic risks.  In one of his more scandalous serial works, Brainard subjected Ernie Bushmiller's Nancy to every imaginable erotic and high art situation.  \n \nA prolific artist, Brainard's work has been exhibited extensively in the New York City area since the early 1960s.  His first retrospective show, consisting of work from 1960-1970, took place at the Phyllis Kind Gallery in Chicago in 1970.  In the mid-1970s he created over 3,000 miniature collages, paintings, and drawings for a major show at the Fischbach Gallery in Manhattan.  The materials gathered in the Joe Brainard Archive were first exhibited at the Long Beach Museum of Art in 1980.  In 1986 they were again exhibited at UCSD.\n \nLike Joe Brainard, Alex Katz is a New York City artist.  He has given numerous solo shows since the early 1960s, and many of his works have been added to numerous public art collections throughout the country.  Unlike Brainard, Katz has created a depthless, planar art which strips the visual image of its narrative, literary aura.  The result, as one critic has noted, is an image of a reality that is of no consequence.  \n"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003eJoe Brainard Archive, MSS 0005. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD.\n        \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Joe Brainard Archive, MSS 0005. Mandeville Special Collections Library, UCSD.\n        "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content of Collection"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Content of Collection \nAccession Processed in 1987 \nThe Joe Brainard Archive contains approximately 300 examples of Brainard's art work as well as book and cover illustrations, manuscripts, and published writings, all dating from ca. 1960 to 1979.  Primarily a study collection, the importance of the Joe Brainard Archive is in documenting the wide range, topical as well as technical, of Joe Brainard's artistic production over a twenty year period, ca. 1960-1979.  The collection also includes several art works and many books by other notable artists and writers.  These materials have been arranged in five series:  1) ARTWORK, 2) MANUSCRIPTS, 3) CORRESPONDENCE, 4) CATALOGS, and 5) BIBLIOGRAPHIES.  \n \nSERIES 1: ARTWORK\n \nThis series comprises 161 pieces of Brainard's graphic art and another 20 pieces, most by Alex Katz.  Reflecting the many styles, dimensions, and media with which Brainard experimented during his career, these works include collages (including many of the miniatures Brainard constructed for a show of his in work in 1975), oil and watercolor abstractions, graphite portraits of several well known writers, original cover art for books by Ted Berrigan and John Ashbery, and the original art work for numerous \"comic strips\" done in collaboration with various writers.   \n \nSERIES 2: MANUSCRIPTS\n \nThe MANUSCRIPTS series, arranged chronologically,  includes the notebooks and original manuscripts for nine books of writing by Brainard.  Several manuscripts by Ted Berrigan, Tom Clark, Philip Gambone, and Rudy Kikel are also included.  \n \nSERIES 3: CORRESPONDENCE\n \nThe CORRESPONDENCE series consists primarily of letters from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts.  In addition, there are letters from Ned Rorem and Virgil Thompson to Brainard, and letters from Ron Padgett, John Giorno, Larry Fagin, and others to Robert Butts.\n \nSERIES 4: CATALOGS \n \nCatalogs for Brainard and Alex Katz exhibitions comprise the CATALOGS series.  Also included are numerous reviews of Katz's work.\n \nSERIES 5: BIBLIOGRAPHIES\n \nVarious checklists constructed by Robert Butts and documenting Brainard's production since 1961 are contained in series five, BIBLIOGRAPHIES.\n \nSEPARATION NOTE\n \nBooks and journals received in the 1984 accession of the Joe Brainard Archive have been separated from the collection and added elsewhere to the library's holdings.  To identify and list these items, conduct an author search in ROGER on the term \"Butts, Robert, former owner.\" \n \nAccessions Processed in 1991 \nThe accessions to the Joe Brainard Archive processed in 1991 contain originals of artwork by Joe Brainard for collaborations with Bill Berkson and Kenward Elmslie, and correspondence related to Robert Butts' projects.  The materials are arranged in four series: 1) CORRESPONDENCE, 2) ARTWORK, 3) MANUSCRIPTS, and 4) PHOTOGRAPHS.\n \nSERIES 1: CORRESPONDENCE\n \nThe CORRESPONDENCE series includes letters from Bill Berkson to Robert Butts concerning publication of his book \"Serenade\" and correspondence from Joe Brainard.  The materials date between 1986 and 1987 and are organized alphabetically by correspondent.\n \nSERIES 2: ARTWORK\n \nThe ARTWORK series contains original drawings by Joe Brainard for three collaborative works with Bill Berkson and THE BABY BOOK with Kenward Elmslie.  Also included are original art by Brainard for miscellaneous poetry readings and flyers.  The materials are arranged alphabetically by title.\n \nSERIES 3: MANUSCRIPTS\n \nThe MANUSCRIPTS series contains photocopies of proofs for Bill Berkson's \"Cnidus, August 4th.\"\n \nSERIES 4: PHOTOGRAPHS\n \nAn excellent portrait of Joe Brainard by photographer Elizabeth Hathon is located in the PHOTOGRAPHS series.  Also included are color transparencies of an eight-piece exhibit entitled \"The Gang of Eight.\"\n \nAccession Processed in 1993 \nThe 1993 accession of the Joe Brainard Archive comprises 16 letters and postcards from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts, most of which are birthday or holiday greetings.  Also included is a print by Andy Warhol."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePublication Rights\u003c/head\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e  Publication rights are held by the creator of the collection.\n        \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Publication Rights"],"userestrict_tesim":["Publication Rights   Publication rights are held by the creator of the collection.\n        "],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d0a02735e8e1b0bb0c234d65909c5da5\"\u003eMaterials collected by Robert Butts consisting primarily of diverse works by and regarding the popular New York artist and writer Joe Brainard (1942-1994).  Brainard was the author of fifteen books of writing, the illustrator of numerous other books produced by members of the New York School, and a celebrated graphic artist whose work covered a broad range of sizes, styles and media.  The Joe Brainard Archive consists of numerous examples of Brainard's graphic work dating from 1962 to 1979, most of the books illustrated by Brainard, all of Brainard's manuscripts and published writings, notebooks for Brainard's I REMEMBER series and several other books, Brainard's correspondence with members of the Butts family and correspondence to Brainard from Ned Rorem and Virgil Thompson, checklists of Brainard's artistic production constructed by Robert Butts, and a selection of articles devoted to Brainard's career.\nIn addition to the Brainard materials, the Joe Brainard Archive also includes several lithographs by Alex Katz (b. 1927), an oil painting by Tom Clark, and a few ink sketches by poets Ron Padgett and Allen Ginsberg.  There are also manuscripts of Ted Berrigan, Tom Clark and Rudy Kikel, in addition to broadsides and books written by New York School writers such as John Ashbery, Edwin Denby, and Kenneth Koch.\nThe accessions processed in 1991 contain primarily original artworks by Joe Brainard in collaborations with Bill Berkson and Kenward Elmslie, including THE BABY BOOK (1965).  Also included are correspondence, manuscript materials and photographs. The accession processed in 1993 comprises 16 letters and postcards from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts and one print by Andy Warhol.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Materials collected by Robert Butts consisting primarily of diverse works by and regarding the popular New York artist and writer Joe Brainard (1942-1994).  Brainard was the author of fifteen books of writing, the illustrator of numerous other books produced by members of the New York School, and a celebrated graphic artist whose work covered a broad range of sizes, styles and media.  The Joe Brainard Archive consists of numerous examples of Brainard's graphic work dating from 1962 to 1979, most of the books illustrated by Brainard, all of Brainard's manuscripts and published writings, notebooks for Brainard's I REMEMBER series and several other books, Brainard's correspondence with members of the Butts family and correspondence to Brainard from Ned Rorem and Virgil Thompson, checklists of Brainard's artistic production constructed by Robert Butts, and a selection of articles devoted to Brainard's career.\nIn addition to the Brainard materials, the Joe Brainard Archive also includes several lithographs by Alex Katz (b. 1927), an oil painting by Tom Clark, and a few ink sketches by poets Ron Padgett and Allen Ginsberg.  There are also manuscripts of Ted Berrigan, Tom Clark and Rudy Kikel, in addition to broadsides and books written by New York School writers such as John Ashbery, Edwin Denby, and Kenneth Koch.\nThe accessions processed in 1991 contain primarily original artworks by Joe Brainard in collaborations with Bill Berkson and Kenward Elmslie, including THE BABY BOOK (1965).  Also included are correspondence, manuscript materials and photographs. The accession processed in 1993 comprises 16 letters and postcards from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts and one print by Andy Warhol."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- Archives","Brainard, Joe, 1942- , -- correspondent","Berkson, Bill, -- correspondent","Thomson, Virgil, 1896- -- correspondent","Greenwald, Ted, -- correspondent","Fagin, Larry, -- correspondent","Padgett, Ron, -- correspondent","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- artist","Clark, Tom, 1941- -- artist","Katz, Alex, 1927- -- artist","Padgett, Ron, -- artist","Berrigan, Ted","Kikel, Rudy, 1943-","Warhol, Andy,"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- Archives","Brainard, Joe, 1942- , -- correspondent","Berkson, Bill, -- correspondent","Thomson, Virgil, 1896- -- correspondent","Greenwald, Ted, -- correspondent","Fagin, Larry, -- correspondent","Padgett, Ron, -- correspondent","Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- artist","Clark, Tom, 1941- -- artist","Katz, Alex, 1927- -- artist","Padgett, Ron, -- artist","Berrigan, Ted","Kikel, Rudy, 1943-"],"persname_ssim":["Brainard, Joe, 1942-","Miller, Robert","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- Archives","Brainard, Joe, 1942- , -- correspondent","Berkson, Bill, -- correspondent","Thomson, Virgil, 1896- -- correspondent","Greenwald, Ted, -- correspondent","Fagin, Larry, -- correspondent","Padgett, Ron, -- correspondent","Brainard, Joe, 1942- -- artist","Clark, Tom, 1941- -- artist","Katz, Alex, 1927- -- artist","Padgett, Ron, -- artist","Berrigan, Ted","Kikel, Rudy, 1943-","Warhol, Andy,"],"language_ssim":["Collection materials in English"],"total_component_count_is":316,"online_item_count_is":2,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:21.985Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Content of Collection\u003c/head\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nAccession Processed in 1987\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe Joe Brainard Archive contains approximately 300 examples of Brainard's art work as well as book and cover illustrations, manuscripts, and published writings, all dating from ca. 1960 to 1979.  Primarily a study collection, the importance of the Joe Brainard Archive is in documenting the wide range, topical as well as technical, of Joe Brainard's artistic production over a twenty year period, ca. 1960-1979.  The collection also includes several art works and many books by other notable artists and writers.  These materials have been arranged in five series:  1) ARTWORK, 2) MANUSCRIPTS, 3) CORRESPONDENCE, 4) CATALOGS, and 5) BIBLIOGRAPHIES.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 1: ARTWORK\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThis series comprises 161 pieces of Brainard's graphic art and another 20 pieces, most by Alex Katz.  Reflecting the many styles, dimensions, and media with which Brainard experimented during his career, these works include collages (including many of the miniatures Brainard constructed for a show of his in work in 1975), oil and watercolor abstractions, graphite portraits of several well known writers, original cover art for books by Ted Berrigan and John Ashbery, and the original art work for numerous \"comic strips\" done in collaboration with various writers.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 2: MANUSCRIPTS\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe MANUSCRIPTS series, arranged chronologically,  includes the notebooks and original manuscripts for nine books of writing by Brainard.  Several manuscripts by Ted Berrigan, Tom Clark, Philip Gambone, and Rudy Kikel are also included.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 3: CORRESPONDENCE\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe CORRESPONDENCE series consists primarily of letters from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts.  In addition, there are letters from Ned Rorem and Virgil Thompson to Brainard, and letters from Ron Padgett, John Giorno, Larry Fagin, and others to Robert Butts.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 4: CATALOGS \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nCatalogs for Brainard and Alex Katz exhibitions comprise the CATALOGS series.  Also included are numerous reviews of Katz's work.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 5: BIBLIOGRAPHIES\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nVarious checklists constructed by Robert Butts and documenting Brainard's production since 1961 are contained in series five, BIBLIOGRAPHIES.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSEPARATION NOTE\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nBooks and journals received in the 1984 accession of the Joe Brainard Archive have been separated from the collection and added elsewhere to the library's holdings.  To identify and list these items, conduct an author search in ROGER on the term \"Butts, Robert, former owner.\" \n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nAccessions Processed in 1991\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe accessions to the Joe Brainard Archive processed in 1991 contain originals of artwork by Joe Brainard for collaborations with Bill Berkson and Kenward Elmslie, and correspondence related to Robert Butts' projects.  The materials are arranged in four series: 1) CORRESPONDENCE, 2) ARTWORK, 3) MANUSCRIPTS, and 4) PHOTOGRAPHS.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 1: CORRESPONDENCE\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe CORRESPONDENCE series includes letters from Bill Berkson to Robert Butts concerning publication of his book \"Serenade\" and correspondence from Joe Brainard.  The materials date between 1986 and 1987 and are organized alphabetically by correspondent.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 2: ARTWORK\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe ARTWORK series contains original drawings by Joe Brainard for three collaborative works with Bill Berkson and THE BABY BOOK with Kenward Elmslie.  Also included are original art by Brainard for miscellaneous poetry readings and flyers.  The materials are arranged alphabetically by title.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 3: MANUSCRIPTS\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe MANUSCRIPTS series contains photocopies of proofs for Bill Berkson's \"Cnidus, August 4th.\"\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nSERIES 4: PHOTOGRAPHS\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nAn excellent portrait of Joe Brainard by photographer Elizabeth Hathon is located in the PHOTOGRAPHS series.  Also included are color transparencies of an eight-piece exhibit entitled \"The Gang of Eight.\"\n\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nAccession Processed in 1993\u003c/p\u003e\n         \u003cp\u003e\nThe 1993 accession of the Joe Brainard Archive comprises 16 letters and postcards from Joe Brainard to Robert Butts, most of which are birthday or holiday greetings.  Also included is a print by Andy Warhol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/af02cfc7b437f7c9018c42d9_aspace_791c3ea1da0f82e26350e7a2be50e19d"}},{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref62","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"#9 (Pacific Front, Hitler's Speech, and Food Shortage), Feb. 9, 1942","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref62#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref62","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref62","aspace_ref62"],"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref62","title_filing_ssi":"#9 (Pacific Front, Hitler's Speech, and Food Shortage)","title_ssm":["#9 (Pacific Front, Hitler's Speech, and Food Shortage)"],"title_tesim":["#9 (Pacific Front, Hitler's Speech, and Food Shortage)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Feb. 9, 1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Feb. 9, 1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["#9 (Pacific Front, Hitler's Speech, and Food Shortage), Feb. 9, 1942"],"text":["#9 (Pacific Front, Hitler's Speech, and Food Shortage), Feb. 9, 1942","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials","/repositories/2/archival_objects/28","Box 2","Folder 22"],"component_level_isim":[4],"parent_ids_ssim":["77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref18","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref51","77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Grover Allen Wayward OFF records, 1941-1942","Reports","Survey of Intelligence Materials"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/28"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":17,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["IP Rights\n      Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"containers_ssim":["Box 2","Folder 22"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#6/components#0/components#3","_nest_parent_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e_aspace_ref56","_root_":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:06.776Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers"],"ead_ssi":"77c0a9926883bc9b66de078e","unitdate_ssm":["1847-1963"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1847-1963"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"text":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2","Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963","Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.","Arrangement note Arranged in four series: 1. Asa Wellspring diaries. 2. Sarah Wayward Lewis materials. 3.\n        Grover Allen Wayward OFF records. 4. Theresa Wayward Auchinclos materials.","Family History The Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices. Significant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection.","Custodial History note When Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986.","Processing Information note The collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material.","Related Archival Materials note Other additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University.","Scope and Contents note The Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities. See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents.","IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.","Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information.","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982","English","","Collection materials are all in English."],"unitid_tesim":["YNHSC.MSS.1776","/repositories/2/resources/2"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1847-1963"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"collection_ssim":["Wayward Family papers, 1847-1963"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"creator_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"creator_persname_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wayward family"],"creators_ssim":[" Palmer, Russell","Wayward family"],"access_terms_ssm":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Donated in 1986 by Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, a graduate of Carpe Diem University."],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"The MOON\",\"href\":\"1\"}"],"extent_ssm":["2.0 Linear Feet","2 Box","2.0 Linear feet","2 record cartons"],"extent_tesim":["2.0 Linear Feet","2 Box","2.0 Linear feet","2 record cartons"],"date_range_isim":[1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAppraisal note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal note"],"appraisal_tesim":["Appraisal note The collection has been appraised by Ernesto Proffitt and Daughters, who notes the primary\n        value of the collection, historical and thus monetary, resides in the 19th century materials\n        diaries of Asa Wellspring Wayward and the journals and correspondence on Sarah Wayward\n        Lewis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eArranged in four series: 1. 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Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eSignificant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Family History"],"bioghist_tesim":["Family History The Wayward family emigrated from England with the original settlers of the fertile Lush\n        River valley in Massachusetts. Makepeace and Constance Wayward, along with five children,\n        were among the founders of City on a Hill when they were expelled from the Massachusetts Bay\n        Colony in 1657 for unorthodox religious practices. Significant family members represented in the collection include Asa Wellspring Wayward,\n        Sarah Wayward Lewis, Grover Allen Wayward, and Theresa Wayward Auchincloss, the creator of\n        the collection."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eCustodial History note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eWhen Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History note"],"custodhist_tesim":["Custodial History note When Theresa Auchincloss died in 1963, the collection was bequeathed to her grandson George\n        Van Buskirk Smithie. Smithie, at the time interested in his family's distinguished history,\n        found himself in dire financial straints by the mid-1960s and apparently sold some of the\n        earliest materials in the collection to a private collector. Some of this material may\n        constitute a 1991 donation of early Wayward family material to the Pittsfield Athenaeum, but\n        the provenance of that material is unclear. The whereabouts of other material sold by\n        Smithie, if there was addiitonal materials, is unknown. Smithie died of mysterious causes in\n        Boston in 1975, at which time the remaining Wayward family material came into the possession\n        of his sister, Elspeth Smithie Bourgeois, an alumna of Carpe Diem University, who donated\n        the collection in 1986."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003e[Item title / description; Box \"n\" / Folder \"n\"]. Wayward Family Papers (MSS 1776). Your\n        Name Here Special Collections. Carpe Diem University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation note [Item title / description; Box \"n\" / Folder \"n\"]. Wayward Family Papers (MSS 1776). Your\n        Name Here Special Collections. Carpe Diem University."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The collection was inventoried upon accession in 1986, but languished in the Your Name Here\n        Special Collections unprocessed backlog until 2006, when an intern from the Simmons College\n        graduate program processed it. This was done as part of a concerted effort to provide access\n        to the backlog. The 19th century material was refoldered and standard preservation measures\n        were taken. Since several of the letters were deteriorating, all were placed in mylar\n        sleeves to facilitate future use by researchers without further damaging them. The remainder\n        of the collection was processed according to the repository's basic-level processing\n        guidelines: materials were refoldered only when original folders were deteriorating,\n        arrangement work within individual folders was not done, and fasteners were removed only if\n        visibly rusting. Everything was then arranged alphabetically by type of material."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRelated Archival Materials note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eOther additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials note"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Related Archival Materials note Other additional Wayward family papers are in the custody of the Pittsfield Athenaeum.\n        Those materials may have been part of the collection housed in YNHSC at one time but were\n        possibly sold to the Pittsfield Athenaeum in the mid-1960s by George VAn Buskirk Smithie, a\n        prior owner of the Wayward family papers now in the custody of Carpe Diem University."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eThe Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eSee the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The Wayward family papers includes material from several Wayward descedents living in the\n        19th and 20th centuries, and was collected by variou family members. Document types in the\n        collection include correspondence, diaries, clippings, posters and audio tapes about the\n        Wayward family and their various activities. See the scope and content note for each series for more details about the collection\n        contents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eIP Rights\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cp\u003eIntellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["IP Rights"],"userestrict_tesim":["IP Rights Intellectual property rights have not been transferred to YNHSC; however, the IP rights for\n        a many of the collection materials have expired and passed to the public domain."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. Office of War Information.","Wayward family"," Palmer, Russell","Bourgeois, Elspeth Smithie","Lewis, Sarah Wayward","Smithie, George Van Buskirk","Wayward, Asa Wellspring, d. 1863","Wayward, Frances","Wayward, Grover Allen","Macleish, Archibald, 1892-1982"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","United States. 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