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Altick Papers, bulk 1942-2008, 1948-1997","Franklin and Marshall College--Alumni and alumnae--Biography","Ohio State University—Faculty--Publications","Collection organized into series corresponding to publication career.","This collection consists of\tresearch materials, notes, correspondence, reviews, articles, and essays documenting the literary and classroom\twork conductedb Dr.\tAltick\t in his year of\tteaching at\tOhio State University and Franklin and Marshall\tCollege. The\tcollection\tis arranged\tby topic with materials\tcorresponding to major monographs and serial articles written by Dr. Altick, as\twell as\tmaterials relating to lectures,\tcourses\tand\tareas of research interest.","Lyrasis Special Collections","Altick, Richard D. (Richard Daniel), 1915-2008","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 34","/repositories/2/resources/103"],"normalized_date_ssm":["bulk 1942-2008, 1948-1997"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Richard D. 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The\tcollection\tis arranged\tby topic with materials\tcorresponding to major monographs and serial articles written by Dr. Altick, as\twell as\tmaterials relating to lectures,\tcourses\tand\tareas of research interest.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of\tresearch materials, notes, correspondence, reviews, articles, and essays documenting the literary and classroom\twork conductedb Dr.\tAltick\t in his year of\tteaching at\tOhio State University and Franklin and Marshall\tCollege. The\tcollection\tis arranged\tby topic with materials\tcorresponding to major monographs and serial articles written by Dr. Altick, as\twell as\tmaterials relating to lectures,\tcourses\tand\tareas of research interest."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Altick, Richard D. (Richard Daniel), 1915-2008"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Altick, Richard D. (Richard Daniel), 1915-2008"],"persname_ssim":["Altick, Richard D. (Richard Daniel), 1915-2008"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":18,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"4cd35caf55159e107598611a","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:11:40.780Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4cd35caf55159e107598611a"}},{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","creator":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Burns, Jack O."],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","title_filing_ssi":"Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files","title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"ead_ssi":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","unitdate_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"text":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data","Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W.",""],"unitid_tesim":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creators_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n                \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003cchronlist\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n            \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n            \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n    \u003c/chronlist\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","title_filing_ssi":"Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files","title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"ead_ssi":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","unitdate_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"text":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data","Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W.",""],"unitid_tesim":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creators_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.  \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\"  The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"  eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W.,  (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\n                \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\n            \u003cchronlist\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n                \u003cchronitem\u003e\n                    \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n                    \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n                \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n            \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n            \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n                \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n                \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n      \u003cchronitem\u003e\n        \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n        \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n          \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n        \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n      \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n    \u003c/chronlist\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e"}},{"id":"e87e1099cae6ccfe1ef1d6dd","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Sherlock and Doyle Ephemera Collection, 1900-2008, 1925-2008","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/e87e1099cae6ccfe1ef1d6dd#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["This collection contains miscellaneous ephemera related to Sherlock Holmes. 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George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas."],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500","title_filing_ssi":"The O'Brien Family Papers","title_ssm":["The O'Brien Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["The O'Brien Family Papers"],"ead_ssi":"e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500","unitdate_ssm":["1835-1987"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1835-1987"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["AC-108","/repositories/2/resources/96"],"text":["AC-108","/repositories/2/resources/96","The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987","Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War","Lawyers","United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries","Personal Names\n Brooks, Jack, 1922-2012 Chilton, Horace, 1853-1932 Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906 O'Brien, George Washington, 1833-1909 O'Brien, Chenault, 1874-1940 O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983 Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007 Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973 Walker, Daniel, 1876-1944 \n Organizations\n Gladys City Oil, Gas \u0026 Manufacturing Company Jefferson County Bar Association State Bar of Texas Texas State Library and Archives Commission \n Subjects\n Lawyers Petroleum industry Spanish-American War United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives \n Locations\n Austin (Tex.) Jefferson County (Tex.) \n Genres/Formats\nCorrespondence\nDeeds\nDiaries\nEstate records\nFinancial records\nInventories\nLegal files\nPhotographs\nWills","This collection is organized into 9 record groups and 32 series.\n George Washington O'Brien Papers Chenault O'Brien Papers Chilton O'Brien Papers Intergenerational O'Brien Papers Chilton Papers Judge Daniel Walker Papers Photographs Oversize Papers Artifacts","George W. O'Brien, 1833-1909","While George W. O'Brien is best known for his role as a founder of the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, the company which began Spindletop oil exploration, he had a full life which greatly impacted the history of Southeast Texas. Attaining the rank of captain in the Confederate Army, he was a leader in Democratic politics, the legal profession, and as a financier and organizer of businesses and organizations in Beaumont.","O'Brien recognized the potential for petroleum production in Southeast Texas long before 1901. While camped at Spindletop Springs as a Confederate soldier, in the 1860s, he noticed globules of petroleum on the water and heard the hiss of escaping gas. In 1865 he received a letter from A. B. Trowell, an attorney at Liberty, Texas, who had served in the Confederate Army with members of the O'Brien family. Trowell advised him to purchase land which had petroleum deposits. O'Brien put Trowell's advice in practice when he and his son-in-law and legal partner, Alfred S. John, represented the family of John Allen Veatch in a suit to recover a large tract of land from the State of Texas. Veatch, a scientific Renaissance man, had realized there was economic potential from the strange substances emitted at Sour Lake and Spindletop and carefully chose parcels from the Mexican and Texan governments which had mineral deposits. O'Brien and John were deeded a portion of the John Allen Veatch Survey which included land at Spindletop for their legal assistance.","When Pattillo Higgins, a visionary who dreamed of building an industrial city fueled by the mineral deposits at Spindletop, planned to drill for oil, and Higgins' former employer, George W. Carroll, a local businessman who owned the Beaumont Lumber Company, approached O'Brien about selling his land at Spindletop, O'Brien declined. Instead he proposed joining them as a partner in the venture. Higgins and Carroll accepted O'Brien's offer, and in 1892, the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company was incorporated with the following charter subscribers and directors: George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, J. F. Lanier, and E. E. John. Each of the incorporators put in certain lands in the John A. Veatch Survey at a value of twenty dollars per acre. George W. O'Brien and his daughter Emma E. John conveyed 1350 acres for 270 shares of stock, the other 270 shares of stock were issued to George W. Carroll and Pattillo Higgins who conveyed 1077 acres and J. F. Lanier conveyed 273 acres of land. The Company made several futile attempts to obtain oil at Spindletop, financing its oil drilling attempts by selling off a part of their acreage.","At the turn of the century, the Gladys City Company took action which ushered in a new era. Pattillo Higgins contacted Anthony F. Lucas, an engineer and former captain in the Austrian navy, in 1899 for assistance. Lucas had experience in salt mining along the Gulf Coast. He recognized that many salt domes, such as Spindletop, contained not only salt but also sulphur and petroleum. He leased land from the Gladys City Company and drilled a well. While the well did strike oil, the pipe collapsed from the pressure of the gas before a large amount of oil could be collected. Lucas contacted oil prospectors James Guffey and John Galey for financial assistance, who turned to the Andrew Mellon family for backing. Guffey and Galey hired a team, the Hamill brothers, from Corsicana to conduct the drilling for petroleum. Historians disagree on the reasons for the Hamills' success, some believing that they possessed a heavier and more efficient rotary bit, while other scholars believe it was expertise, not equipment, that was essential.","The efforts to produce petroleum reached fruition on January 10, 1901, when the Lucas gusher erupted, spewing a column of oil 200 feet high for nine days. Although the Lucas gusher was located on land owned by McFaddin-Wiess-Kyle, another group of prominent Beaumont businessmen, and not on Gladys City land, it initiated an unprecedented boom of prospecting for and processing petroleum.","The Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company never again tried operating wells, choosing instead to lease the land to others and collect mineral royalties from them. The land at Spindletop produced not only petroleum, but also vast quantities of sulphur and salt. George W. O'Brien and his descendants retained stock in the company, and continued to provide leadership in the company for many decades.","O'Brien was born in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana, in 1833, to George Bryan and Elizabeth Ann Bryan. O'Brien and his family migrated to Galveston, Texas, in 1849. He moved to Beaumont, Texas, in 1852. As a teenager he carried mail on horseback between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, along the Bolivar Peninsula.","O'Brien was active as a Jefferson County official and attorney. He was elected District and County Clerk in 1854, and Justice of the Peace for Precinct One in 1858. O'Brien was admitted to practice law in 1861.","Although O'Brien had opposed slavery, had never owned a slave, and had opposed secession as a member of the Jefferson County Secession Convention, he defended his native South by serving in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He initially fought under the leadership of his kinsman, Captain King Bryan in Company F of the Fifth Texas Infantry Regiment in battles east of the Mississippi, but following an outbreak of measles, was discharged for disability, and returned on foot to Beaumont. While returning home, he regained his health, and in Beaumont in 1862, he recruited an additional company and was elected Captain of Company E, Likens Battalion, Texas Volunteers, later known as Speights Texas Regiment.","His company, during its preparation and march toward the Mississippi River, participated in several important military events. They established a fort at Port Neches to control the Neches River against Federal gun boats which had been dispatched to take beef cattle and other supplies to the Union Army. The company later took part in the Battle of Fordoche in Louisiana, and a battle at Mansfield, Louisiana. During 1863, he maintained a meticulous diary of his wartime experiences. His diary was edited by Houston attorney Cooper K. Ragan, who published them in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964.","After the war, O'Brien became one of the most influential men in Southeast Texas. An ardent Democrat, he expressed his opposition to Radical Republicanism by purchasing the press of the Liberty Gazette in 1869 and serving as editor and publisher of the Neches Valley News and its successor, the Beaumont News Beacon, from 1869 to 1874. The newspaper served as a voice for the Democratic party. O'Brien acted as a delegate from Texas at the 1872 Democratic National Convention.","O'Brien was active in business ventures. He was a subscriber of the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railroad, later the Gulf Coast and Missouri Pacific System. O'Brien helped finance the Central Asphalt and Refining Company at Port Neches, and the Beaumont Ice, Light, and Refrigerating Company.","O'Brien was prominently identified with the community welfare of Beaumont. He founded and financed many organizations, including the Beaumont Temperance Hall Company in 1880, the Beaumont Academy, and the Methodist Church. He belonged to Albert Sydney John Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. A thirty-second degree Mason, he also served as master of the local lodge from 1877-1878, and 1880-1882.","He died in 1909, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery, which he had founded in 1887. A Beaumont newspaper wrote in his obituary that he had \"One of the most notable, most beautiful and calmly peaceful careers of any man who [had] ever lived in southeast Texas.\"","O'Brien was married twice, and was the father of nine children. Sarah E. Rowley married O'Brien in 1854. They were the parents of Emma E. John Smith, Minnie G. Starke, Lillie E. Townsend, George Cave O'Brien, who served as District Judge and District Attorney in Jefferson County, Kaleta B. James, Sarah Alice O'Brien, and Olive O'Brien, who died as an infant. After Sarah Rowley O'Brien's death in 1873, O'Brien married Ellen Peebles Chenault in 1874. This marriage produced two children, Chenault O'Brien and Robert Peebles O'Brien.","O'Brien changed the spelling of his last name from O'Bryan to O'Brien between 1868 and 1871.","Chenault O'Brien was born on October 16, 1874, at Beaumont. A brilliant attorney, his legal research during his tenure as secretary/treasurer of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company established many principles for oil and gas law in Texas.\n\nAs a young man, O'Brien served as Chief Deputy County and District Clerk for four years. In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was a member of a loal military company known as the Beaumont Light Guards. When he volunteered to serve his country in the war against Spain, he was made First Lieutenant of Company D, Third Texas United States Volunteers. After undergoing intensive military training at Fort Clark, Texas, he and his command were ordered to Cuba for active service, but to his disappointment, these plans were changed, and through the summer of 1898, his company saw service at Key West, Florida, and Montauk Point, New York, after which they were mustered out of the service, the war having ended. A Spanish-American War veterans camp was named in his honor.\n\nAfter the war, he was educated for the law, graduating from the University of Texas in 1900. O'Brien entered into law practice with I. R. Bordages and his father, George W. O'Brien, in a firm entitled O'Brien, Bordages, and O'Brien. After the death of Captain O'Brien, George Cave O'Brien and Robert A. John entered the firm. He later formed a practice with his brother-in-law George Chilton.\n\nHe was noted by the Jefferson County Bar Association as a \"forceful, brilliant and successful lawyer.\" Not only did he develop petroleum law but also irrigation law, involving riparian and other water-rights, due to the rice growing industry which began in Jefferson County about the same time that O'Brien was admitted to the bar.\n\nO'Brien was active in legal organizations, including the Jefferson County Bar Association, and Texas State Bar Association. He practiced law for over forty years. He also was a leader in the civic, religious, and business life of Beaumont. He was a member of Beaumont Masonic Lodge No. 286, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Ex-Students Association of the University of Texas, and a president of the Neches Club.\n\nO'Brien was a family man. He married Christine Chilton, the daughter of Horace Chilton, United States Senator from Texas, in 1904. They were the parents of two children, Eleanor Patricia \"Pat\" O'Brien Moor, and Chilton O'Brien.\n\nChenault O'Brien died in Beaumont in August 1940.","Chilton O'Brien followed in his father and grandfather's footsteps. He provided leadership to the Gladys City Company, a Texas corporation owning lands at Spindletop, as a director, secretary-treasurer, and vice-president and chief executive officer.\n\nO'Brien was born in 1911, and reared in Beaumont at the ancestral home on the bank of the Neches River. He graduated from Beaumont High School in 1929, where he lettered in football three years, and edited the school yearbook.\n\nO'Brien was educated at the University of Texas, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity, and played football as a college freshman. He edited the 1934 Cactus, the university's yearbook. He earned a law degree from the University of Texas in 1936, and was a member of the University of Texas Ex-Students.\n\nDuring World War II, he served in the Navy, first as an intelligence oficer, and second as officer in command of a torpedo boat in the South Pacific. He was commended for outstanding performance of duty in action, and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander.\n\nOne of the outstanding land title authorities in his profession, O'Brien used his expertise on cases with subjects as varied as personal injury, oil and gas, trusts, probate, real estate, and corporate law. From 1936-1941 he was associated with the firm of Smith, Smith, and Boyd. He was made a partner in the firm in 1939. In 1941, he opened his own law office, and in October of that year, he was joined with Rupert R. Harkrider. Their partnership, which was interrupted by the Second World War, ended in 1949 when Harkrider left Beaumont. From 1969-1980, he was associated with Howard N. Richards.\n\nO'Brien's service to the legal profession included tenure on the Examining Committee of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. He was active in local and state legal organizations. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, serving as its president from 1952-1953. O'Brien was a long time member of the State Bar of Texas, and was selected as a charter fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation in 1966. O'Brien was a member of the American Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien inherited land in the Shelby Corzine Survey southwest of Beaumont. His interests here included a joint venture, with F. L. Yeates, of raising a herd of registered Santa Gertrudis cattle, a breed of cattle developed by the King Ranch. The name Santa Gertrudis is from Rincon de Santa Gertrudis, the name of the original land grant purchased by Captain Richard King from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. Santa Gertrudis cattle, which are a deep cherry red color, are approximately five-eighths shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. The cattle's strengths include a high degree of heat and tick resistance, ease of calving, and good mothering ability. O'Brien was a member of the Santa Gertrudis Breeders International. The land in this survey was also used for raising rice, hay, and grass seed crops.\n\nO'Brien was a director of the First Security National Bank of Beaumont from 1962-1975. The bank merged with the First Security National Corporation, a Texas bank holding company headquartered in Beaumont in the early 1970s. In 1973, while he was a director of the First Security National Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries included the First Security National Bank of Beaumont, Security First Mortgage Company which had offices in Beaumont and Houston, and First National Bank of Colleyville in Tarrant County. Other subsidiaries were the Village State Bank and Gateway National Bank of Beaumont, People's State Bank of Kountze, and the Sour Lake State Bank. The bank was praised by the bank publication, Sheshunoff, in 1972 as a well-managed bank with fast growing deposits.\n\nO'Brien was also involved in civic affairs. As chairman of the Beaumont City Charter Commission from 1947-1948, O'Brien wished to make the governing body more directly responsible to the will of the people. O'Brien believed that a slate of five men should be elected for a two year term. This slate, including a mayor and four councilmen from the four wards of Beaumont, would pledge to carry out a specific program. Administrative work was to be in the hands of a city manager who would have executive control over city services.\n\nO'Brien was active in other civic activities, including serving on the Beaumont Planning and Zoning Commission from 1962-1965. He was a leader in organizations, serving as president of the Beaumont Community Council and Family Service, and as a director on the boards of the Salvation Army and Central YMCA. O'Brien served on the Regents Development Council of Lamar University. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He was also active in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, where he served on the vestry, and as senior warden. He served on the first board of trustees of All Saints Episcopal School in Beaumont, and on the board of trustees of St. Stephen's School of Austin.\n\nO'Brien worked for the Democratic party. He was a member of the Jefferson County Young Democratic Club, and served as the chairman of the State Executive Committee of the Young Democratic Club. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Lyndon Johnson and O'Brien were allies from the 1940s. During Johnson's first campaign for the United States Senate, O'Brien assisted him in Beaumont's Congressional district. He worked to help get Johnson the Democratic nomination in 1952, when O'Brien served as an alternate delegate from Texas at the Democratic National Convention. After 1960, because of being a trustee for the Texas Portland Cement Company, and the semi-public nature of the trusteeship, he believed he could not take an active role in politics. He continued to serve as a political liaison for Johnson in the Beaumont area.\n\nO'Brien was an acknowledged authority on Texas history, who provided leadership to prominent historical organizations. He served on the board of the Texas Library and Historical Commission, later known as the Texas Library and Archives Commission, from 1978-1983. He was appointed chairman of the commission in 1982. O'Brien was a regional director of the Atascosito Historical Society, which is the friends group of the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center. The Sam Houston Regional Library, located in Liberty, Texas, is a division of the Texas State Library. He was a founding member of the Texas Gulf Historical Society, serving as its president in 1968-1969. He was a director of the Texas Historical Foundation, and he was a member of the Sons of the Republic of Texas, Sons of the American Revolution, and the Philosophical Society of Texas.\n\nO'Brien researched and wrote articles on Texas history topics including the O'Brien family; John Allen Veatch, who acquired parcels of land from the Mexican government which included Spindletop and Sour Lake; the Ashworth family, a pioneer family in Jefferson County; and the Jefferson County Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien married Barbara Ann Miller of Springfield, Illinois, in 1937. They were the parents of two children, Ann and Ellen, and the grandparents of five.","The Chenault O'Brien Family Papers, 1865-1931, AC-091.","The O'Brien papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas. The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.","The collection contains papers documenting the O'Brien men's service in three wars. George Washington O'Brien's Civil War diary contains a balanced account of wartime experiences, including the grinding boredom of marching, the excitement of battle, the scarcity of food, deprivations of civilians, and anguish over the death of his comrade and brother-in-law Henry Rowley. Cooper K. Ragan, a Houston attorney who edited the diaries for publication in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964, praised O'Brien for his legible handwriting and excellent spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The diaries are small in size, approximately 3 x 5 inches, and include information such as the serial number of his revolver, record of money loaned, and a recipe to alleviate diarrhea. Chilton O'Brien's papers include his application for a commission to the Intelligence branch of the United States Navy, information on navigational theory, and a naval glossary.","The collection documents agricultural life of Jefferson County in the 1860s, and from 1910 through the 1980s. George W. O'Brien's ledger book lists his financial transactions. He also listed the commodities that he provided such as tobacco, and the credits that farmers earned by producing agricultural commodities. His descendants, Chenault and Chilton O'Brien, kept records of the agricultural transactions in the land they owned in the Shelby Corzine Survey, southwest of Beaumont. These records include farm leases spelling out the rights and responsibilities of both tenant and landlord. Chilton O'Brien's papers from the Shelby Corzine Survey in Jefferson County include pedigree charts of the Santa Gertrudis cattle raised there.","The collection also includes the papers of Irma John Gordon Orr, and Alfred John, Jr., the grandchildren of George W. O'Brien. These papers document their extensive landholding, including land in Jefferson county, which was leased for rice, and Hardin County land, which was leased for its lumber. The papers document the type and diameter of timber harvested.","Chenault O'Brien's papers include documentation of the history of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company from 1901-1939, including barrels of petroleum produced, average price per barrel, and dividends paid from the financial bonanza which resulted from the deep sands oil discoveries of the 1920s. His correspondence to friends and family report on the development of the Second Spindletop, John Henry Kirby's control of the company in the 1930s, and O'Brien's attitude toward Kirby. His papers document the 1935 sale of John Henry Kirby stock in Chicago, the price the O'Brien family was prepared to pay, and the price actually paid for the stock.","Chilton O'Brien's papers document his personal and legal involvement in the petroleum industry. His papers include mineral leases, company bylaws, and correspondence from companies such as the Texas Oil Royalty Company. As a bank director for the First Security National Bank between the years 1962-1975, Chilton O'Brien collected papers which document the bank's stock splits, dividends, investment income, portfolio of investments, organizational structure, mergers, statements of condition, and lists of directors and officers.","Chilton's civic papers document not only his dynamic personality but also provide detailed information on many Beaumont groups, such as the Magnolia Cemetery Company's annual audits.","The personal papers of Chilton O'Brien provide many insights into his life and personality, including a keen sense of humor. His 1925 schoolboy diary details school expenses, football plays, cattle raising, and hunting trips. O'Brien's personal papers document the construction of his house and its furnishings, including rugs, draperies, and furniture.","The O'Brien family papers chronicle the rich heritage of the family, including the acquisition and changes in the O'Brien home. George W. O'Brien purchased five acres of land along the Neches River in 1883. The land had been previously owned by his father, George Bryan. Three of the five acres were used to create the Bryan Addition, the first residential addition n Beaumont, leaving two acres for the O'Brien home. Chilton O'Brien's papers document the relocation of part of the O'Brien home to land in the Shelby Corzine Survey where it was used by the family as a weekend home. This acreage gave the family room for not only a beautiful house, but all the necessary outbuildings such as servants' quarters, poultry house, and barn. On the grounds of the O'Brien family land was a large oak tree known as the \"O'Brien Oak\" which George W. O'Brien said was planted by Cave Johnson in 1849, the year of the California gold rush and O'Brien's move to Beaumont. The papers include newspaper clippings and correspondence discussing the age of the tree, activities which took place in the shade of the oak, and its eventual decline and destruction.","The O'Brien Family Papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas.","The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, including abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.","Lyrasis Special Collections","O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906","English"],"unitid_tesim":["AC-108","/repositories/2/resources/96"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1835-1987"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987"],"collection_title_tesim":["The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987"],"collection_ssim":["The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War"],"geogname_ssim":["Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War"],"places_ssim":["Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Lawyers","United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Lawyers","United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["77 Box","38 Maps"],"extent_tesim":["77 Box","38 Maps"],"genreform_ssim":["United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries"],"indexes_html_tesm":["\u003cindex id=\"aspace_3fe01837a17db88a94788409c825cc9b\"\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003ePersonal Names\n\u003cblockquote\u003eBrooks, Jack, 1922-2012\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton, Horace, 1853-1932\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eHogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien, George Washington, 1833-1909\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien, Chenault, 1874-1940\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJohnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJohnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eWalker, Daniel, 1876-1944\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Organizations\n\u003cblockquote\u003eGladys City Oil, Gas \u0026amp; Manufacturing Company\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJefferson County Bar Association\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eState Bar of Texas\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eTexas State Library and Archives Commission\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Subjects\n\u003cblockquote\u003eLawyers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003ePetroleum industry\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eSpanish-American War\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eUnited States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Locations\n\u003cblockquote\u003eAustin (Tex.)\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJefferson County (Tex.)\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Genres/Formats\nCorrespondence\nDeeds\nDiaries\nEstate records\nFinancial records\nInventories\nLegal files\nPhotographs\nWills\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/index\u003e"],"indexes_tesim":["Personal Names\n Brooks, Jack, 1922-2012 Chilton, Horace, 1853-1932 Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906 O'Brien, George Washington, 1833-1909 O'Brien, Chenault, 1874-1940 O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983 Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007 Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973 Walker, Daniel, 1876-1944 \n Organizations\n Gladys City Oil, Gas \u0026 Manufacturing Company Jefferson County Bar Association State Bar of Texas Texas State Library and Archives Commission \n Subjects\n Lawyers Petroleum industry Spanish-American War United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives \n Locations\n Austin (Tex.) Jefferson County (Tex.) \n Genres/Formats\nCorrespondence\nDeeds\nDiaries\nEstate records\nFinancial records\nInventories\nLegal files\nPhotographs\nWills"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into 9 record groups and 32 series.\n\u003cblockquote\u003eGeorge Washington O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChenault O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eIntergenerational O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJudge Daniel Walker Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003ePhotographs\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eOversize Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eArtifacts\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized into 9 record groups and 32 series.\n George Washington O'Brien Papers Chenault O'Brien Papers Chilton O'Brien Papers Intergenerational O'Brien Papers Chilton Papers Judge Daniel Walker Papers Photographs Oversize Papers Artifacts"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["George W. O'Brien, 1833-1909","While George W. O'Brien is best known for his role as a founder of the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, the company which began Spindletop oil exploration, he had a full life which greatly impacted the history of Southeast Texas. Attaining the rank of captain in the Confederate Army, he was a leader in Democratic politics, the legal profession, and as a financier and organizer of businesses and organizations in Beaumont.","O'Brien recognized the potential for petroleum production in Southeast Texas long before 1901. While camped at Spindletop Springs as a Confederate soldier, in the 1860s, he noticed globules of petroleum on the water and heard the hiss of escaping gas. In 1865 he received a letter from A. B. Trowell, an attorney at Liberty, Texas, who had served in the Confederate Army with members of the O'Brien family. Trowell advised him to purchase land which had petroleum deposits. O'Brien put Trowell's advice in practice when he and his son-in-law and legal partner, Alfred S. John, represented the family of John Allen Veatch in a suit to recover a large tract of land from the State of Texas. Veatch, a scientific Renaissance man, had realized there was economic potential from the strange substances emitted at Sour Lake and Spindletop and carefully chose parcels from the Mexican and Texan governments which had mineral deposits. O'Brien and John were deeded a portion of the John Allen Veatch Survey which included land at Spindletop for their legal assistance.","When Pattillo Higgins, a visionary who dreamed of building an industrial city fueled by the mineral deposits at Spindletop, planned to drill for oil, and Higgins' former employer, George W. Carroll, a local businessman who owned the Beaumont Lumber Company, approached O'Brien about selling his land at Spindletop, O'Brien declined. Instead he proposed joining them as a partner in the venture. Higgins and Carroll accepted O'Brien's offer, and in 1892, the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company was incorporated with the following charter subscribers and directors: George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, J. F. Lanier, and E. E. John. Each of the incorporators put in certain lands in the John A. Veatch Survey at a value of twenty dollars per acre. George W. O'Brien and his daughter Emma E. John conveyed 1350 acres for 270 shares of stock, the other 270 shares of stock were issued to George W. Carroll and Pattillo Higgins who conveyed 1077 acres and J. F. Lanier conveyed 273 acres of land. The Company made several futile attempts to obtain oil at Spindletop, financing its oil drilling attempts by selling off a part of their acreage.","At the turn of the century, the Gladys City Company took action which ushered in a new era. Pattillo Higgins contacted Anthony F. Lucas, an engineer and former captain in the Austrian navy, in 1899 for assistance. Lucas had experience in salt mining along the Gulf Coast. He recognized that many salt domes, such as Spindletop, contained not only salt but also sulphur and petroleum. He leased land from the Gladys City Company and drilled a well. While the well did strike oil, the pipe collapsed from the pressure of the gas before a large amount of oil could be collected. Lucas contacted oil prospectors James Guffey and John Galey for financial assistance, who turned to the Andrew Mellon family for backing. Guffey and Galey hired a team, the Hamill brothers, from Corsicana to conduct the drilling for petroleum. Historians disagree on the reasons for the Hamills' success, some believing that they possessed a heavier and more efficient rotary bit, while other scholars believe it was expertise, not equipment, that was essential.","The efforts to produce petroleum reached fruition on January 10, 1901, when the Lucas gusher erupted, spewing a column of oil 200 feet high for nine days. Although the Lucas gusher was located on land owned by McFaddin-Wiess-Kyle, another group of prominent Beaumont businessmen, and not on Gladys City land, it initiated an unprecedented boom of prospecting for and processing petroleum.","The Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company never again tried operating wells, choosing instead to lease the land to others and collect mineral royalties from them. The land at Spindletop produced not only petroleum, but also vast quantities of sulphur and salt. George W. O'Brien and his descendants retained stock in the company, and continued to provide leadership in the company for many decades.","O'Brien was born in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana, in 1833, to George Bryan and Elizabeth Ann Bryan. O'Brien and his family migrated to Galveston, Texas, in 1849. He moved to Beaumont, Texas, in 1852. As a teenager he carried mail on horseback between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, along the Bolivar Peninsula.","O'Brien was active as a Jefferson County official and attorney. He was elected District and County Clerk in 1854, and Justice of the Peace for Precinct One in 1858. O'Brien was admitted to practice law in 1861.","Although O'Brien had opposed slavery, had never owned a slave, and had opposed secession as a member of the Jefferson County Secession Convention, he defended his native South by serving in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He initially fought under the leadership of his kinsman, Captain King Bryan in Company F of the Fifth Texas Infantry Regiment in battles east of the Mississippi, but following an outbreak of measles, was discharged for disability, and returned on foot to Beaumont. While returning home, he regained his health, and in Beaumont in 1862, he recruited an additional company and was elected Captain of Company E, Likens Battalion, Texas Volunteers, later known as Speights Texas Regiment.","His company, during its preparation and march toward the Mississippi River, participated in several important military events. They established a fort at Port Neches to control the Neches River against Federal gun boats which had been dispatched to take beef cattle and other supplies to the Union Army. The company later took part in the Battle of Fordoche in Louisiana, and a battle at Mansfield, Louisiana. During 1863, he maintained a meticulous diary of his wartime experiences. His diary was edited by Houston attorney Cooper K. Ragan, who published them in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964.","After the war, O'Brien became one of the most influential men in Southeast Texas. An ardent Democrat, he expressed his opposition to Radical Republicanism by purchasing the press of the Liberty Gazette in 1869 and serving as editor and publisher of the Neches Valley News and its successor, the Beaumont News Beacon, from 1869 to 1874. The newspaper served as a voice for the Democratic party. O'Brien acted as a delegate from Texas at the 1872 Democratic National Convention.","O'Brien was active in business ventures. He was a subscriber of the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railroad, later the Gulf Coast and Missouri Pacific System. O'Brien helped finance the Central Asphalt and Refining Company at Port Neches, and the Beaumont Ice, Light, and Refrigerating Company.","O'Brien was prominently identified with the community welfare of Beaumont. He founded and financed many organizations, including the Beaumont Temperance Hall Company in 1880, the Beaumont Academy, and the Methodist Church. He belonged to Albert Sydney John Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. A thirty-second degree Mason, he also served as master of the local lodge from 1877-1878, and 1880-1882.","He died in 1909, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery, which he had founded in 1887. A Beaumont newspaper wrote in his obituary that he had \"One of the most notable, most beautiful and calmly peaceful careers of any man who [had] ever lived in southeast Texas.\"","O'Brien was married twice, and was the father of nine children. Sarah E. Rowley married O'Brien in 1854. They were the parents of Emma E. John Smith, Minnie G. Starke, Lillie E. Townsend, George Cave O'Brien, who served as District Judge and District Attorney in Jefferson County, Kaleta B. James, Sarah Alice O'Brien, and Olive O'Brien, who died as an infant. After Sarah Rowley O'Brien's death in 1873, O'Brien married Ellen Peebles Chenault in 1874. This marriage produced two children, Chenault O'Brien and Robert Peebles O'Brien.","O'Brien changed the spelling of his last name from O'Bryan to O'Brien between 1868 and 1871.","Chenault O'Brien was born on October 16, 1874, at Beaumont. A brilliant attorney, his legal research during his tenure as secretary/treasurer of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company established many principles for oil and gas law in Texas.\n\nAs a young man, O'Brien served as Chief Deputy County and District Clerk for four years. In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was a member of a loal military company known as the Beaumont Light Guards. When he volunteered to serve his country in the war against Spain, he was made First Lieutenant of Company D, Third Texas United States Volunteers. After undergoing intensive military training at Fort Clark, Texas, he and his command were ordered to Cuba for active service, but to his disappointment, these plans were changed, and through the summer of 1898, his company saw service at Key West, Florida, and Montauk Point, New York, after which they were mustered out of the service, the war having ended. A Spanish-American War veterans camp was named in his honor.\n\nAfter the war, he was educated for the law, graduating from the University of Texas in 1900. O'Brien entered into law practice with I. R. Bordages and his father, George W. O'Brien, in a firm entitled O'Brien, Bordages, and O'Brien. After the death of Captain O'Brien, George Cave O'Brien and Robert A. John entered the firm. He later formed a practice with his brother-in-law George Chilton.\n\nHe was noted by the Jefferson County Bar Association as a \"forceful, brilliant and successful lawyer.\" Not only did he develop petroleum law but also irrigation law, involving riparian and other water-rights, due to the rice growing industry which began in Jefferson County about the same time that O'Brien was admitted to the bar.\n\nO'Brien was active in legal organizations, including the Jefferson County Bar Association, and Texas State Bar Association. He practiced law for over forty years. He also was a leader in the civic, religious, and business life of Beaumont. He was a member of Beaumont Masonic Lodge No. 286, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Ex-Students Association of the University of Texas, and a president of the Neches Club.\n\nO'Brien was a family man. He married Christine Chilton, the daughter of Horace Chilton, United States Senator from Texas, in 1904. They were the parents of two children, Eleanor Patricia \"Pat\" O'Brien Moor, and Chilton O'Brien.\n\nChenault O'Brien died in Beaumont in August 1940.","Chilton O'Brien followed in his father and grandfather's footsteps. He provided leadership to the Gladys City Company, a Texas corporation owning lands at Spindletop, as a director, secretary-treasurer, and vice-president and chief executive officer.\n\nO'Brien was born in 1911, and reared in Beaumont at the ancestral home on the bank of the Neches River. He graduated from Beaumont High School in 1929, where he lettered in football three years, and edited the school yearbook.\n\nO'Brien was educated at the University of Texas, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity, and played football as a college freshman. He edited the 1934 Cactus, the university's yearbook. He earned a law degree from the University of Texas in 1936, and was a member of the University of Texas Ex-Students.\n\nDuring World War II, he served in the Navy, first as an intelligence oficer, and second as officer in command of a torpedo boat in the South Pacific. He was commended for outstanding performance of duty in action, and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander.\n\nOne of the outstanding land title authorities in his profession, O'Brien used his expertise on cases with subjects as varied as personal injury, oil and gas, trusts, probate, real estate, and corporate law. From 1936-1941 he was associated with the firm of Smith, Smith, and Boyd. He was made a partner in the firm in 1939. In 1941, he opened his own law office, and in October of that year, he was joined with Rupert R. Harkrider. Their partnership, which was interrupted by the Second World War, ended in 1949 when Harkrider left Beaumont. From 1969-1980, he was associated with Howard N. Richards.\n\nO'Brien's service to the legal profession included tenure on the Examining Committee of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. He was active in local and state legal organizations. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, serving as its president from 1952-1953. O'Brien was a long time member of the State Bar of Texas, and was selected as a charter fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation in 1966. O'Brien was a member of the American Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien inherited land in the Shelby Corzine Survey southwest of Beaumont. His interests here included a joint venture, with F. L. Yeates, of raising a herd of registered Santa Gertrudis cattle, a breed of cattle developed by the King Ranch. The name Santa Gertrudis is from Rincon de Santa Gertrudis, the name of the original land grant purchased by Captain Richard King from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. Santa Gertrudis cattle, which are a deep cherry red color, are approximately five-eighths shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. The cattle's strengths include a high degree of heat and tick resistance, ease of calving, and good mothering ability. O'Brien was a member of the Santa Gertrudis Breeders International. The land in this survey was also used for raising rice, hay, and grass seed crops.\n\nO'Brien was a director of the First Security National Bank of Beaumont from 1962-1975. The bank merged with the First Security National Corporation, a Texas bank holding company headquartered in Beaumont in the early 1970s. In 1973, while he was a director of the First Security National Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries included the First Security National Bank of Beaumont, Security First Mortgage Company which had offices in Beaumont and Houston, and First National Bank of Colleyville in Tarrant County. Other subsidiaries were the Village State Bank and Gateway National Bank of Beaumont, People's State Bank of Kountze, and the Sour Lake State Bank. The bank was praised by the bank publication, Sheshunoff, in 1972 as a well-managed bank with fast growing deposits.\n\nO'Brien was also involved in civic affairs. As chairman of the Beaumont City Charter Commission from 1947-1948, O'Brien wished to make the governing body more directly responsible to the will of the people. O'Brien believed that a slate of five men should be elected for a two year term. This slate, including a mayor and four councilmen from the four wards of Beaumont, would pledge to carry out a specific program. Administrative work was to be in the hands of a city manager who would have executive control over city services.\n\nO'Brien was active in other civic activities, including serving on the Beaumont Planning and Zoning Commission from 1962-1965. He was a leader in organizations, serving as president of the Beaumont Community Council and Family Service, and as a director on the boards of the Salvation Army and Central YMCA. O'Brien served on the Regents Development Council of Lamar University. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He was also active in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, where he served on the vestry, and as senior warden. He served on the first board of trustees of All Saints Episcopal School in Beaumont, and on the board of trustees of St. Stephen's School of Austin.\n\nO'Brien worked for the Democratic party. He was a member of the Jefferson County Young Democratic Club, and served as the chairman of the State Executive Committee of the Young Democratic Club. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Lyndon Johnson and O'Brien were allies from the 1940s. During Johnson's first campaign for the United States Senate, O'Brien assisted him in Beaumont's Congressional district. He worked to help get Johnson the Democratic nomination in 1952, when O'Brien served as an alternate delegate from Texas at the Democratic National Convention. After 1960, because of being a trustee for the Texas Portland Cement Company, and the semi-public nature of the trusteeship, he believed he could not take an active role in politics. He continued to serve as a political liaison for Johnson in the Beaumont area.\n\nO'Brien was an acknowledged authority on Texas history, who provided leadership to prominent historical organizations. He served on the board of the Texas Library and Historical Commission, later known as the Texas Library and Archives Commission, from 1978-1983. He was appointed chairman of the commission in 1982. O'Brien was a regional director of the Atascosito Historical Society, which is the friends group of the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center. The Sam Houston Regional Library, located in Liberty, Texas, is a division of the Texas State Library. He was a founding member of the Texas Gulf Historical Society, serving as its president in 1968-1969. He was a director of the Texas Historical Foundation, and he was a member of the Sons of the Republic of Texas, Sons of the American Revolution, and the Philosophical Society of Texas.\n\nO'Brien researched and wrote articles on Texas history topics including the O'Brien family; John Allen Veatch, who acquired parcels of land from the Mexican government which included Spindletop and Sour Lake; the Ashworth family, a pioneer family in Jefferson County; and the Jefferson County Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien married Barbara Ann Miller of Springfield, Illinois, in 1937. They were the parents of two children, Ann and Ellen, and the grandparents of five."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItem, Folder, Box, O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987, AC-108, Tyrrell Historical Library, Beaumont, Texas.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Item, Folder, Box, O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987, AC-108, Tyrrell Historical Library, Beaumont, Texas."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Chenault O'Brien Family Papers, 1865-1931, AC-091.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Chenault O'Brien Family Papers, 1865-1931, AC-091."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe O'Brien papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas. The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains papers documenting the O'Brien men's service in three wars. George Washington O'Brien's Civil War diary contains a balanced account of wartime experiences, including the grinding boredom of marching, the excitement of battle, the scarcity of food, deprivations of civilians, and anguish over the death of his comrade and brother-in-law Henry Rowley. Cooper K. Ragan, a Houston attorney who edited the diaries for publication in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964, praised O'Brien for his legible handwriting and excellent spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The diaries are small in size, approximately 3 x 5 inches, and include information such as the serial number of his revolver, record of money loaned, and a recipe to alleviate diarrhea. Chilton O'Brien's papers include his application for a commission to the Intelligence branch of the United States Navy, information on navigational theory, and a naval glossary.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection documents agricultural life of Jefferson County in the 1860s, and from 1910 through the 1980s. George W. O'Brien's ledger book lists his financial transactions. He also listed the commodities that he provided such as tobacco, and the credits that farmers earned by producing agricultural commodities. His descendants, Chenault and Chilton O'Brien, kept records of the agricultural transactions in the land they owned in the Shelby Corzine Survey, southwest of Beaumont. These records include farm leases spelling out the rights and responsibilities of both tenant and landlord. Chilton O'Brien's papers from the Shelby Corzine Survey in Jefferson County include pedigree charts of the Santa Gertrudis cattle raised there.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes the papers of Irma John Gordon Orr, and Alfred John, Jr., the grandchildren of George W. O'Brien. These papers document their extensive landholding, including land in Jefferson county, which was leased for rice, and Hardin County land, which was leased for its lumber. The papers document the type and diameter of timber harvested.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChenault O'Brien's papers include documentation of the history of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company from 1901-1939, including barrels of petroleum produced, average price per barrel, and dividends paid from the financial bonanza which resulted from the deep sands oil discoveries of the 1920s. His correspondence to friends and family report on the development of the Second Spindletop, John Henry Kirby's control of the company in the 1930s, and O'Brien's attitude toward Kirby. His papers document the 1935 sale of John Henry Kirby stock in Chicago, the price the O'Brien family was prepared to pay, and the price actually paid for the stock.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChilton O'Brien's papers document his personal and legal involvement in the petroleum industry. His papers include mineral leases, company bylaws, and correspondence from companies such as the Texas Oil Royalty Company. As a bank director for the First Security National Bank between the years 1962-1975, Chilton O'Brien collected papers which document the bank's stock splits, dividends, investment income, portfolio of investments, organizational structure, mergers, statements of condition, and lists of directors and officers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChilton's civic papers document not only his dynamic personality but also provide detailed information on many Beaumont groups, such as the Magnolia Cemetery Company's annual audits.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe personal papers of Chilton O'Brien provide many insights into his life and personality, including a keen sense of humor. His 1925 schoolboy diary details school expenses, football plays, cattle raising, and hunting trips. O'Brien's personal papers document the construction of his house and its furnishings, including rugs, draperies, and furniture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe O'Brien family papers chronicle the rich heritage of the family, including the acquisition and changes in the O'Brien home. George W. O'Brien purchased five acres of land along the Neches River in 1883. The land had been previously owned by his father, George Bryan. Three of the five acres were used to create the Bryan Addition, the first residential addition n Beaumont, leaving two acres for the O'Brien home. Chilton O'Brien's papers document the relocation of part of the O'Brien home to land in the Shelby Corzine Survey where it was used by the family as a weekend home. This acreage gave the family room for not only a beautiful house, but all the necessary outbuildings such as servants' quarters, poultry house, and barn. On the grounds of the O'Brien family land was a large oak tree known as the \"O'Brien Oak\" which George W. O'Brien said was planted by Cave Johnson in 1849, the year of the California gold rush and O'Brien's move to Beaumont. The papers include newspaper clippings and correspondence discussing the age of the tree, activities which took place in the shade of the oak, and its eventual decline and destruction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The O'Brien papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas. The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.","The collection contains papers documenting the O'Brien men's service in three wars. George Washington O'Brien's Civil War diary contains a balanced account of wartime experiences, including the grinding boredom of marching, the excitement of battle, the scarcity of food, deprivations of civilians, and anguish over the death of his comrade and brother-in-law Henry Rowley. Cooper K. Ragan, a Houston attorney who edited the diaries for publication in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964, praised O'Brien for his legible handwriting and excellent spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The diaries are small in size, approximately 3 x 5 inches, and include information such as the serial number of his revolver, record of money loaned, and a recipe to alleviate diarrhea. Chilton O'Brien's papers include his application for a commission to the Intelligence branch of the United States Navy, information on navigational theory, and a naval glossary.","The collection documents agricultural life of Jefferson County in the 1860s, and from 1910 through the 1980s. George W. O'Brien's ledger book lists his financial transactions. He also listed the commodities that he provided such as tobacco, and the credits that farmers earned by producing agricultural commodities. His descendants, Chenault and Chilton O'Brien, kept records of the agricultural transactions in the land they owned in the Shelby Corzine Survey, southwest of Beaumont. These records include farm leases spelling out the rights and responsibilities of both tenant and landlord. Chilton O'Brien's papers from the Shelby Corzine Survey in Jefferson County include pedigree charts of the Santa Gertrudis cattle raised there.","The collection also includes the papers of Irma John Gordon Orr, and Alfred John, Jr., the grandchildren of George W. O'Brien. These papers document their extensive landholding, including land in Jefferson county, which was leased for rice, and Hardin County land, which was leased for its lumber. The papers document the type and diameter of timber harvested.","Chenault O'Brien's papers include documentation of the history of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company from 1901-1939, including barrels of petroleum produced, average price per barrel, and dividends paid from the financial bonanza which resulted from the deep sands oil discoveries of the 1920s. His correspondence to friends and family report on the development of the Second Spindletop, John Henry Kirby's control of the company in the 1930s, and O'Brien's attitude toward Kirby. His papers document the 1935 sale of John Henry Kirby stock in Chicago, the price the O'Brien family was prepared to pay, and the price actually paid for the stock.","Chilton O'Brien's papers document his personal and legal involvement in the petroleum industry. His papers include mineral leases, company bylaws, and correspondence from companies such as the Texas Oil Royalty Company. As a bank director for the First Security National Bank between the years 1962-1975, Chilton O'Brien collected papers which document the bank's stock splits, dividends, investment income, portfolio of investments, organizational structure, mergers, statements of condition, and lists of directors and officers.","Chilton's civic papers document not only his dynamic personality but also provide detailed information on many Beaumont groups, such as the Magnolia Cemetery Company's annual audits.","The personal papers of Chilton O'Brien provide many insights into his life and personality, including a keen sense of humor. His 1925 schoolboy diary details school expenses, football plays, cattle raising, and hunting trips. O'Brien's personal papers document the construction of his house and its furnishings, including rugs, draperies, and furniture.","The O'Brien family papers chronicle the rich heritage of the family, including the acquisition and changes in the O'Brien home. George W. O'Brien purchased five acres of land along the Neches River in 1883. The land had been previously owned by his father, George Bryan. Three of the five acres were used to create the Bryan Addition, the first residential addition n Beaumont, leaving two acres for the O'Brien home. Chilton O'Brien's papers document the relocation of part of the O'Brien home to land in the Shelby Corzine Survey where it was used by the family as a weekend home. This acreage gave the family room for not only a beautiful house, but all the necessary outbuildings such as servants' quarters, poultry house, and barn. On the grounds of the O'Brien family land was a large oak tree known as the \"O'Brien Oak\" which George W. O'Brien said was planted by Cave Johnson in 1849, the year of the California gold rush and O'Brien's move to Beaumont. The papers include newspaper clippings and correspondence discussing the age of the tree, activities which took place in the shade of the oak, and its eventual decline and destruction."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_84912b8875f7cf9e369b6c7f7d9f13e7\" label=\"Creator Abstract\"\u003eThe O'Brien Family Papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas.\u003c/abstract\u003e","\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_350785400c98d4c1af4e00975b959e74\" label=\"Content Abstract: \"\u003eThe collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, including abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The O'Brien Family Papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas.","The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, including abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906"],"persname_ssim":["O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:54.887Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cemph\u003eGeorge W. O'Brien, 1833-1909\u003c/emph\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eWhile George W. O'Brien is best known for his role as a founder of the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, the company which began Spindletop oil exploration, he had a full life which greatly impacted the history of Southeast Texas. Attaining the rank of captain in the Confederate Army, he was a leader in Democratic politics, the legal profession, and as a financier and organizer of businesses and organizations in Beaumont.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien recognized the potential for petroleum production in Southeast Texas long before 1901. While camped at Spindletop Springs as a Confederate soldier, in the 1860s, he noticed globules of petroleum on the water and heard the hiss of escaping gas. In 1865 he received a letter from A. B. Trowell, an attorney at Liberty, Texas, who had served in the Confederate Army with members of the O'Brien family. Trowell advised him to purchase land which had petroleum deposits. O'Brien put Trowell's advice in practice when he and his son-in-law and legal partner, Alfred S. John, represented the family of John Allen Veatch in a suit to recover a large tract of land from the State of Texas. Veatch, a scientific Renaissance man, had realized there was economic potential from the strange substances emitted at Sour Lake and Spindletop and carefully chose parcels from the Mexican and Texan governments which had mineral deposits. O'Brien and John were deeded a portion of the John Allen Veatch Survey which included land at Spindletop for their legal assistance.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eWhen Pattillo Higgins, a visionary who dreamed of building an industrial city fueled by the mineral deposits at Spindletop, planned to drill for oil, and Higgins' former employer, George W. Carroll, a local businessman who owned the Beaumont Lumber Company, approached O'Brien about selling his land at Spindletop, O'Brien declined. Instead he proposed joining them as a partner in the venture. Higgins and Carroll accepted O'Brien's offer, and in 1892, the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company was incorporated with the following charter subscribers and directors: George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, J. F. Lanier, and E. E. John. Each of the incorporators put in certain lands in the John A. Veatch Survey at a value of twenty dollars per acre. George W. O'Brien and his daughter Emma E. John conveyed 1350 acres for 270 shares of stock, the other 270 shares of stock were issued to George W. Carroll and Pattillo Higgins who conveyed 1077 acres and J. F. Lanier conveyed 273 acres of land. The Company made several futile attempts to obtain oil at Spindletop, financing its oil drilling attempts by selling off a part of their acreage.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eAt the turn of the century, the Gladys City Company took action which ushered in a new era. Pattillo Higgins contacted Anthony F. Lucas, an engineer and former captain in the Austrian navy, in 1899 for assistance. Lucas had experience in salt mining along the Gulf Coast. He recognized that many salt domes, such as Spindletop, contained not only salt but also sulphur and petroleum. He leased land from the Gladys City Company and drilled a well. While the well did strike oil, the pipe collapsed from the pressure of the gas before a large amount of oil could be collected. Lucas contacted oil prospectors James Guffey and John Galey for financial assistance, who turned to the Andrew Mellon family for backing. Guffey and Galey hired a team, the Hamill brothers, from Corsicana to conduct the drilling for petroleum. Historians disagree on the reasons for the Hamills' success, some believing that they possessed a heavier and more efficient rotary bit, while other scholars believe it was expertise, not equipment, that was essential.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eThe efforts to produce petroleum reached fruition on January 10, 1901, when the Lucas gusher erupted, spewing a column of oil 200 feet high for nine days. Although the Lucas gusher was located on land owned by McFaddin-Wiess-Kyle, another group of prominent Beaumont businessmen, and not on Gladys City land, it initiated an unprecedented boom of prospecting for and processing petroleum.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eThe Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company never again tried operating wells, choosing instead to lease the land to others and collect mineral royalties from them. The land at Spindletop produced not only petroleum, but also vast quantities of sulphur and salt. George W. O'Brien and his descendants retained stock in the company, and continued to provide leadership in the company for many decades.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was born in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana, in 1833, to George Bryan and Elizabeth Ann Bryan. O'Brien and his family migrated to Galveston, Texas, in 1849. He moved to Beaumont, Texas, in 1852. As a teenager he carried mail on horseback between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, along the Bolivar Peninsula.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was active as a Jefferson County official and attorney. He was elected District and County Clerk in 1854, and Justice of the Peace for Precinct One in 1858. O'Brien was admitted to practice law in 1861.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eAlthough O'Brien had opposed slavery, had never owned a slave, and had opposed secession as a member of the Jefferson County Secession Convention, he defended his native South by serving in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He initially fought under the leadership of his kinsman, Captain King Bryan in Company F of the Fifth Texas Infantry Regiment in battles east of the Mississippi, but following an outbreak of measles, was discharged for disability, and returned on foot to Beaumont. While returning home, he regained his health, and in Beaumont in 1862, he recruited an additional company and was elected Captain of Company E, Likens Battalion, Texas Volunteers, later known as Speights Texas Regiment.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eHis company, during its preparation and march toward the Mississippi River, participated in several important military events. They established a fort at Port Neches to control the Neches River against Federal gun boats which had been dispatched to take beef cattle and other supplies to the Union Army. The company later took part in the Battle of Fordoche in Louisiana, and a battle at Mansfield, Louisiana. During 1863, he maintained a meticulous diary of his wartime experiences. His diary was edited by Houston attorney Cooper K. Ragan, who published them in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eAfter the war, O'Brien became one of the most influential men in Southeast Texas. An ardent Democrat, he expressed his opposition to Radical Republicanism by purchasing the press of the Liberty Gazette in 1869 and serving as editor and publisher of the Neches Valley News and its successor, the Beaumont News Beacon, from 1869 to 1874. The newspaper served as a voice for the Democratic party. O'Brien acted as a delegate from Texas at the 1872 Democratic National Convention.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was active in business ventures. He was a subscriber of the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railroad, later the Gulf Coast and Missouri Pacific System. O'Brien helped finance the Central Asphalt and Refining Company at Port Neches, and the Beaumont Ice, Light, and Refrigerating Company.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was prominently identified with the community welfare of Beaumont. He founded and financed many organizations, including the Beaumont Temperance Hall Company in 1880, the Beaumont Academy, and the Methodist Church. He belonged to Albert Sydney John Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. A thirty-second degree Mason, he also served as master of the local lodge from 1877-1878, and 1880-1882.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eHe died in 1909, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery, which he had founded in 1887. A Beaumont newspaper wrote in his obituary that he had \"One of the most notable, most beautiful and calmly peaceful careers of any man who [had] ever lived in southeast Texas.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was married twice, and was the father of nine children. Sarah E. Rowley married O'Brien in 1854. They were the parents of Emma E. John Smith, Minnie G. Starke, Lillie E. Townsend, George Cave O'Brien, who served as District Judge and District Attorney in Jefferson County, Kaleta B. James, Sarah Alice O'Brien, and Olive O'Brien, who died as an infant. After Sarah Rowley O'Brien's death in 1873, O'Brien married Ellen Peebles Chenault in 1874. This marriage produced two children, Chenault O'Brien and Robert Peebles O'Brien.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien changed the spelling of his last name from O'Bryan to O'Brien between 1868 and 1871.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eChenault O'Brien was born on October 16, 1874, at Beaumont. A brilliant attorney, his legal research during his tenure as secretary/treasurer of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company established many principles for oil and gas law in Texas.\n\nAs a young man, O'Brien served as Chief Deputy County and District Clerk for four years. In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was a member of a loal military company known as the Beaumont Light Guards. When he volunteered to serve his country in the war against Spain, he was made First Lieutenant of Company D, Third Texas United States Volunteers. After undergoing intensive military training at Fort Clark, Texas, he and his command were ordered to Cuba for active service, but to his disappointment, these plans were changed, and through the summer of 1898, his company saw service at Key West, Florida, and Montauk Point, New York, after which they were mustered out of the service, the war having ended. A Spanish-American War veterans camp was named in his honor.\n\nAfter the war, he was educated for the law, graduating from the University of Texas in 1900. O'Brien entered into law practice with I. R. Bordages and his father, George W. O'Brien, in a firm entitled O'Brien, Bordages, and O'Brien. After the death of Captain O'Brien, George Cave O'Brien and Robert A. John entered the firm. He later formed a practice with his brother-in-law George Chilton.\n\nHe was noted by the Jefferson County Bar Association as a \"forceful, brilliant and successful lawyer.\" Not only did he develop petroleum law but also irrigation law, involving riparian and other water-rights, due to the rice growing industry which began in Jefferson County about the same time that O'Brien was admitted to the bar.\n\nO'Brien was active in legal organizations, including the Jefferson County Bar Association, and Texas State Bar Association. He practiced law for over forty years. He also was a leader in the civic, religious, and business life of Beaumont. He was a member of Beaumont Masonic Lodge No. 286, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Ex-Students Association of the University of Texas, and a president of the Neches Club.\n\nO'Brien was a family man. He married Christine Chilton, the daughter of Horace Chilton, United States Senator from Texas, in 1904. They were the parents of two children, Eleanor Patricia \"Pat\" O'Brien Moor, and Chilton O'Brien.\n\nChenault O'Brien died in Beaumont in August 1940.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton O'Brien followed in his father and grandfather's footsteps. He provided leadership to the Gladys City Company, a Texas corporation owning lands at Spindletop, as a director, secretary-treasurer, and vice-president and chief executive officer.\n\nO'Brien was born in 1911, and reared in Beaumont at the ancestral home on the bank of the Neches River. He graduated from Beaumont High School in 1929, where he lettered in football three years, and edited the school yearbook.\n\nO'Brien was educated at the University of Texas, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity, and played football as a college freshman. He edited the 1934 Cactus, the university's yearbook. He earned a law degree from the University of Texas in 1936, and was a member of the University of Texas Ex-Students.\n\nDuring World War II, he served in the Navy, first as an intelligence oficer, and second as officer in command of a torpedo boat in the South Pacific. He was commended for outstanding performance of duty in action, and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander.\n\nOne of the outstanding land title authorities in his profession, O'Brien used his expertise on cases with subjects as varied as personal injury, oil and gas, trusts, probate, real estate, and corporate law. From 1936-1941 he was associated with the firm of Smith, Smith, and Boyd. He was made a partner in the firm in 1939. In 1941, he opened his own law office, and in October of that year, he was joined with Rupert R. Harkrider. Their partnership, which was interrupted by the Second World War, ended in 1949 when Harkrider left Beaumont. From 1969-1980, he was associated with Howard N. Richards.\n\nO'Brien's service to the legal profession included tenure on the Examining Committee of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. He was active in local and state legal organizations. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, serving as its president from 1952-1953. O'Brien was a long time member of the State Bar of Texas, and was selected as a charter fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation in 1966. O'Brien was a member of the American Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien inherited land in the Shelby Corzine Survey southwest of Beaumont. His interests here included a joint venture, with F. L. Yeates, of raising a herd of registered Santa Gertrudis cattle, a breed of cattle developed by the King Ranch. The name Santa Gertrudis is from Rincon de Santa Gertrudis, the name of the original land grant purchased by Captain Richard King from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. Santa Gertrudis cattle, which are a deep cherry red color, are approximately five-eighths shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. The cattle's strengths include a high degree of heat and tick resistance, ease of calving, and good mothering ability. O'Brien was a member of the Santa Gertrudis Breeders International. The land in this survey was also used for raising rice, hay, and grass seed crops.\n\nO'Brien was a director of the First Security National Bank of Beaumont from 1962-1975. The bank merged with the First Security National Corporation, a Texas bank holding company headquartered in Beaumont in the early 1970s. In 1973, while he was a director of the First Security National Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries included the First Security National Bank of Beaumont, Security First Mortgage Company which had offices in Beaumont and Houston, and First National Bank of Colleyville in Tarrant County. Other subsidiaries were the Village State Bank and Gateway National Bank of Beaumont, People's State Bank of Kountze, and the Sour Lake State Bank. The bank was praised by the bank publication, Sheshunoff, in 1972 as a well-managed bank with fast growing deposits.\n\nO'Brien was also involved in civic affairs. As chairman of the Beaumont City Charter Commission from 1947-1948, O'Brien wished to make the governing body more directly responsible to the will of the people. O'Brien believed that a slate of five men should be elected for a two year term. This slate, including a mayor and four councilmen from the four wards of Beaumont, would pledge to carry out a specific program. Administrative work was to be in the hands of a city manager who would have executive control over city services.\n\nO'Brien was active in other civic activities, including serving on the Beaumont Planning and Zoning Commission from 1962-1965. He was a leader in organizations, serving as president of the Beaumont Community Council and Family Service, and as a director on the boards of the Salvation Army and Central YMCA. O'Brien served on the Regents Development Council of Lamar University. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He was also active in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, where he served on the vestry, and as senior warden. He served on the first board of trustees of All Saints Episcopal School in Beaumont, and on the board of trustees of St. Stephen's School of Austin.\n\nO'Brien worked for the Democratic party. He was a member of the Jefferson County Young Democratic Club, and served as the chairman of the State Executive Committee of the Young Democratic Club. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Lyndon Johnson and O'Brien were allies from the 1940s. During Johnson's first campaign for the United States Senate, O'Brien assisted him in Beaumont's Congressional district. He worked to help get Johnson the Democratic nomination in 1952, when O'Brien served as an alternate delegate from Texas at the Democratic National Convention. After 1960, because of being a trustee for the Texas Portland Cement Company, and the semi-public nature of the trusteeship, he believed he could not take an active role in politics. He continued to serve as a political liaison for Johnson in the Beaumont area.\n\nO'Brien was an acknowledged authority on Texas history, who provided leadership to prominent historical organizations. He served on the board of the Texas Library and Historical Commission, later known as the Texas Library and Archives Commission, from 1978-1983. He was appointed chairman of the commission in 1982. O'Brien was a regional director of the Atascosito Historical Society, which is the friends group of the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center. The Sam Houston Regional Library, located in Liberty, Texas, is a division of the Texas State Library. He was a founding member of the Texas Gulf Historical Society, serving as its president in 1968-1969. He was a director of the Texas Historical Foundation, and he was a member of the Sons of the Republic of Texas, Sons of the American Revolution, and the Philosophical Society of Texas.\n\nO'Brien researched and wrote articles on Texas history topics including the O'Brien family; John Allen Veatch, who acquired parcels of land from the Mexican government which included Spindletop and Sour Lake; the Ashworth family, a pioneer family in Jefferson County; and the Jefferson County Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien married Barbara Ann Miller of Springfield, Illinois, in 1937. They were the parents of two children, Ann and Ellen, and the grandparents of five.\u003c/blockquote\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500","title_filing_ssi":"The O'Brien Family Papers","title_ssm":["The O'Brien Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["The O'Brien Family Papers"],"ead_ssi":"e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500","unitdate_ssm":["1835-1987"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1835-1987"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["AC-108","/repositories/2/resources/96"],"text":["AC-108","/repositories/2/resources/96","The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987","Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War","Lawyers","United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries","Personal Names\n Brooks, Jack, 1922-2012 Chilton, Horace, 1853-1932 Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906 O'Brien, George Washington, 1833-1909 O'Brien, Chenault, 1874-1940 O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983 Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007 Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973 Walker, Daniel, 1876-1944 \n Organizations\n Gladys City Oil, Gas \u0026 Manufacturing Company Jefferson County Bar Association State Bar of Texas Texas State Library and Archives Commission \n Subjects\n Lawyers Petroleum industry Spanish-American War United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives \n Locations\n Austin (Tex.) Jefferson County (Tex.) \n Genres/Formats\nCorrespondence\nDeeds\nDiaries\nEstate records\nFinancial records\nInventories\nLegal files\nPhotographs\nWills","This collection is organized into 9 record groups and 32 series.\n George Washington O'Brien Papers Chenault O'Brien Papers Chilton O'Brien Papers Intergenerational O'Brien Papers Chilton Papers Judge Daniel Walker Papers Photographs Oversize Papers Artifacts","George W. O'Brien, 1833-1909","While George W. O'Brien is best known for his role as a founder of the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, the company which began Spindletop oil exploration, he had a full life which greatly impacted the history of Southeast Texas. Attaining the rank of captain in the Confederate Army, he was a leader in Democratic politics, the legal profession, and as a financier and organizer of businesses and organizations in Beaumont.","O'Brien recognized the potential for petroleum production in Southeast Texas long before 1901. While camped at Spindletop Springs as a Confederate soldier, in the 1860s, he noticed globules of petroleum on the water and heard the hiss of escaping gas. In 1865 he received a letter from A. B. Trowell, an attorney at Liberty, Texas, who had served in the Confederate Army with members of the O'Brien family. Trowell advised him to purchase land which had petroleum deposits. O'Brien put Trowell's advice in practice when he and his son-in-law and legal partner, Alfred S. John, represented the family of John Allen Veatch in a suit to recover a large tract of land from the State of Texas. Veatch, a scientific Renaissance man, had realized there was economic potential from the strange substances emitted at Sour Lake and Spindletop and carefully chose parcels from the Mexican and Texan governments which had mineral deposits. O'Brien and John were deeded a portion of the John Allen Veatch Survey which included land at Spindletop for their legal assistance.","When Pattillo Higgins, a visionary who dreamed of building an industrial city fueled by the mineral deposits at Spindletop, planned to drill for oil, and Higgins' former employer, George W. Carroll, a local businessman who owned the Beaumont Lumber Company, approached O'Brien about selling his land at Spindletop, O'Brien declined. Instead he proposed joining them as a partner in the venture. Higgins and Carroll accepted O'Brien's offer, and in 1892, the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company was incorporated with the following charter subscribers and directors: George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, J. F. Lanier, and E. E. John. Each of the incorporators put in certain lands in the John A. Veatch Survey at a value of twenty dollars per acre. George W. O'Brien and his daughter Emma E. John conveyed 1350 acres for 270 shares of stock, the other 270 shares of stock were issued to George W. Carroll and Pattillo Higgins who conveyed 1077 acres and J. F. Lanier conveyed 273 acres of land. The Company made several futile attempts to obtain oil at Spindletop, financing its oil drilling attempts by selling off a part of their acreage.","At the turn of the century, the Gladys City Company took action which ushered in a new era. Pattillo Higgins contacted Anthony F. Lucas, an engineer and former captain in the Austrian navy, in 1899 for assistance. Lucas had experience in salt mining along the Gulf Coast. He recognized that many salt domes, such as Spindletop, contained not only salt but also sulphur and petroleum. He leased land from the Gladys City Company and drilled a well. While the well did strike oil, the pipe collapsed from the pressure of the gas before a large amount of oil could be collected. Lucas contacted oil prospectors James Guffey and John Galey for financial assistance, who turned to the Andrew Mellon family for backing. Guffey and Galey hired a team, the Hamill brothers, from Corsicana to conduct the drilling for petroleum. Historians disagree on the reasons for the Hamills' success, some believing that they possessed a heavier and more efficient rotary bit, while other scholars believe it was expertise, not equipment, that was essential.","The efforts to produce petroleum reached fruition on January 10, 1901, when the Lucas gusher erupted, spewing a column of oil 200 feet high for nine days. Although the Lucas gusher was located on land owned by McFaddin-Wiess-Kyle, another group of prominent Beaumont businessmen, and not on Gladys City land, it initiated an unprecedented boom of prospecting for and processing petroleum.","The Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company never again tried operating wells, choosing instead to lease the land to others and collect mineral royalties from them. The land at Spindletop produced not only petroleum, but also vast quantities of sulphur and salt. George W. O'Brien and his descendants retained stock in the company, and continued to provide leadership in the company for many decades.","O'Brien was born in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana, in 1833, to George Bryan and Elizabeth Ann Bryan. O'Brien and his family migrated to Galveston, Texas, in 1849. He moved to Beaumont, Texas, in 1852. As a teenager he carried mail on horseback between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, along the Bolivar Peninsula.","O'Brien was active as a Jefferson County official and attorney. He was elected District and County Clerk in 1854, and Justice of the Peace for Precinct One in 1858. O'Brien was admitted to practice law in 1861.","Although O'Brien had opposed slavery, had never owned a slave, and had opposed secession as a member of the Jefferson County Secession Convention, he defended his native South by serving in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He initially fought under the leadership of his kinsman, Captain King Bryan in Company F of the Fifth Texas Infantry Regiment in battles east of the Mississippi, but following an outbreak of measles, was discharged for disability, and returned on foot to Beaumont. While returning home, he regained his health, and in Beaumont in 1862, he recruited an additional company and was elected Captain of Company E, Likens Battalion, Texas Volunteers, later known as Speights Texas Regiment.","His company, during its preparation and march toward the Mississippi River, participated in several important military events. They established a fort at Port Neches to control the Neches River against Federal gun boats which had been dispatched to take beef cattle and other supplies to the Union Army. The company later took part in the Battle of Fordoche in Louisiana, and a battle at Mansfield, Louisiana. During 1863, he maintained a meticulous diary of his wartime experiences. His diary was edited by Houston attorney Cooper K. Ragan, who published them in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964.","After the war, O'Brien became one of the most influential men in Southeast Texas. An ardent Democrat, he expressed his opposition to Radical Republicanism by purchasing the press of the Liberty Gazette in 1869 and serving as editor and publisher of the Neches Valley News and its successor, the Beaumont News Beacon, from 1869 to 1874. The newspaper served as a voice for the Democratic party. O'Brien acted as a delegate from Texas at the 1872 Democratic National Convention.","O'Brien was active in business ventures. He was a subscriber of the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railroad, later the Gulf Coast and Missouri Pacific System. O'Brien helped finance the Central Asphalt and Refining Company at Port Neches, and the Beaumont Ice, Light, and Refrigerating Company.","O'Brien was prominently identified with the community welfare of Beaumont. He founded and financed many organizations, including the Beaumont Temperance Hall Company in 1880, the Beaumont Academy, and the Methodist Church. He belonged to Albert Sydney John Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. A thirty-second degree Mason, he also served as master of the local lodge from 1877-1878, and 1880-1882.","He died in 1909, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery, which he had founded in 1887. A Beaumont newspaper wrote in his obituary that he had \"One of the most notable, most beautiful and calmly peaceful careers of any man who [had] ever lived in southeast Texas.\"","O'Brien was married twice, and was the father of nine children. Sarah E. Rowley married O'Brien in 1854. They were the parents of Emma E. John Smith, Minnie G. Starke, Lillie E. Townsend, George Cave O'Brien, who served as District Judge and District Attorney in Jefferson County, Kaleta B. James, Sarah Alice O'Brien, and Olive O'Brien, who died as an infant. After Sarah Rowley O'Brien's death in 1873, O'Brien married Ellen Peebles Chenault in 1874. This marriage produced two children, Chenault O'Brien and Robert Peebles O'Brien.","O'Brien changed the spelling of his last name from O'Bryan to O'Brien between 1868 and 1871.","Chenault O'Brien was born on October 16, 1874, at Beaumont. A brilliant attorney, his legal research during his tenure as secretary/treasurer of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company established many principles for oil and gas law in Texas.\n\nAs a young man, O'Brien served as Chief Deputy County and District Clerk for four years. In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was a member of a loal military company known as the Beaumont Light Guards. When he volunteered to serve his country in the war against Spain, he was made First Lieutenant of Company D, Third Texas United States Volunteers. After undergoing intensive military training at Fort Clark, Texas, he and his command were ordered to Cuba for active service, but to his disappointment, these plans were changed, and through the summer of 1898, his company saw service at Key West, Florida, and Montauk Point, New York, after which they were mustered out of the service, the war having ended. A Spanish-American War veterans camp was named in his honor.\n\nAfter the war, he was educated for the law, graduating from the University of Texas in 1900. O'Brien entered into law practice with I. R. Bordages and his father, George W. O'Brien, in a firm entitled O'Brien, Bordages, and O'Brien. After the death of Captain O'Brien, George Cave O'Brien and Robert A. John entered the firm. He later formed a practice with his brother-in-law George Chilton.\n\nHe was noted by the Jefferson County Bar Association as a \"forceful, brilliant and successful lawyer.\" Not only did he develop petroleum law but also irrigation law, involving riparian and other water-rights, due to the rice growing industry which began in Jefferson County about the same time that O'Brien was admitted to the bar.\n\nO'Brien was active in legal organizations, including the Jefferson County Bar Association, and Texas State Bar Association. He practiced law for over forty years. He also was a leader in the civic, religious, and business life of Beaumont. He was a member of Beaumont Masonic Lodge No. 286, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Ex-Students Association of the University of Texas, and a president of the Neches Club.\n\nO'Brien was a family man. He married Christine Chilton, the daughter of Horace Chilton, United States Senator from Texas, in 1904. They were the parents of two children, Eleanor Patricia \"Pat\" O'Brien Moor, and Chilton O'Brien.\n\nChenault O'Brien died in Beaumont in August 1940.","Chilton O'Brien followed in his father and grandfather's footsteps. He provided leadership to the Gladys City Company, a Texas corporation owning lands at Spindletop, as a director, secretary-treasurer, and vice-president and chief executive officer.\n\nO'Brien was born in 1911, and reared in Beaumont at the ancestral home on the bank of the Neches River. He graduated from Beaumont High School in 1929, where he lettered in football three years, and edited the school yearbook.\n\nO'Brien was educated at the University of Texas, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity, and played football as a college freshman. He edited the 1934 Cactus, the university's yearbook. He earned a law degree from the University of Texas in 1936, and was a member of the University of Texas Ex-Students.\n\nDuring World War II, he served in the Navy, first as an intelligence oficer, and second as officer in command of a torpedo boat in the South Pacific. He was commended for outstanding performance of duty in action, and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander.\n\nOne of the outstanding land title authorities in his profession, O'Brien used his expertise on cases with subjects as varied as personal injury, oil and gas, trusts, probate, real estate, and corporate law. From 1936-1941 he was associated with the firm of Smith, Smith, and Boyd. He was made a partner in the firm in 1939. In 1941, he opened his own law office, and in October of that year, he was joined with Rupert R. Harkrider. Their partnership, which was interrupted by the Second World War, ended in 1949 when Harkrider left Beaumont. From 1969-1980, he was associated with Howard N. Richards.\n\nO'Brien's service to the legal profession included tenure on the Examining Committee of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. He was active in local and state legal organizations. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, serving as its president from 1952-1953. O'Brien was a long time member of the State Bar of Texas, and was selected as a charter fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation in 1966. O'Brien was a member of the American Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien inherited land in the Shelby Corzine Survey southwest of Beaumont. His interests here included a joint venture, with F. L. Yeates, of raising a herd of registered Santa Gertrudis cattle, a breed of cattle developed by the King Ranch. The name Santa Gertrudis is from Rincon de Santa Gertrudis, the name of the original land grant purchased by Captain Richard King from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. Santa Gertrudis cattle, which are a deep cherry red color, are approximately five-eighths shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. The cattle's strengths include a high degree of heat and tick resistance, ease of calving, and good mothering ability. O'Brien was a member of the Santa Gertrudis Breeders International. The land in this survey was also used for raising rice, hay, and grass seed crops.\n\nO'Brien was a director of the First Security National Bank of Beaumont from 1962-1975. The bank merged with the First Security National Corporation, a Texas bank holding company headquartered in Beaumont in the early 1970s. In 1973, while he was a director of the First Security National Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries included the First Security National Bank of Beaumont, Security First Mortgage Company which had offices in Beaumont and Houston, and First National Bank of Colleyville in Tarrant County. Other subsidiaries were the Village State Bank and Gateway National Bank of Beaumont, People's State Bank of Kountze, and the Sour Lake State Bank. The bank was praised by the bank publication, Sheshunoff, in 1972 as a well-managed bank with fast growing deposits.\n\nO'Brien was also involved in civic affairs. As chairman of the Beaumont City Charter Commission from 1947-1948, O'Brien wished to make the governing body more directly responsible to the will of the people. O'Brien believed that a slate of five men should be elected for a two year term. This slate, including a mayor and four councilmen from the four wards of Beaumont, would pledge to carry out a specific program. Administrative work was to be in the hands of a city manager who would have executive control over city services.\n\nO'Brien was active in other civic activities, including serving on the Beaumont Planning and Zoning Commission from 1962-1965. He was a leader in organizations, serving as president of the Beaumont Community Council and Family Service, and as a director on the boards of the Salvation Army and Central YMCA. O'Brien served on the Regents Development Council of Lamar University. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He was also active in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, where he served on the vestry, and as senior warden. He served on the first board of trustees of All Saints Episcopal School in Beaumont, and on the board of trustees of St. Stephen's School of Austin.\n\nO'Brien worked for the Democratic party. He was a member of the Jefferson County Young Democratic Club, and served as the chairman of the State Executive Committee of the Young Democratic Club. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Lyndon Johnson and O'Brien were allies from the 1940s. During Johnson's first campaign for the United States Senate, O'Brien assisted him in Beaumont's Congressional district. He worked to help get Johnson the Democratic nomination in 1952, when O'Brien served as an alternate delegate from Texas at the Democratic National Convention. After 1960, because of being a trustee for the Texas Portland Cement Company, and the semi-public nature of the trusteeship, he believed he could not take an active role in politics. He continued to serve as a political liaison for Johnson in the Beaumont area.\n\nO'Brien was an acknowledged authority on Texas history, who provided leadership to prominent historical organizations. He served on the board of the Texas Library and Historical Commission, later known as the Texas Library and Archives Commission, from 1978-1983. He was appointed chairman of the commission in 1982. O'Brien was a regional director of the Atascosito Historical Society, which is the friends group of the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center. The Sam Houston Regional Library, located in Liberty, Texas, is a division of the Texas State Library. He was a founding member of the Texas Gulf Historical Society, serving as its president in 1968-1969. He was a director of the Texas Historical Foundation, and he was a member of the Sons of the Republic of Texas, Sons of the American Revolution, and the Philosophical Society of Texas.\n\nO'Brien researched and wrote articles on Texas history topics including the O'Brien family; John Allen Veatch, who acquired parcels of land from the Mexican government which included Spindletop and Sour Lake; the Ashworth family, a pioneer family in Jefferson County; and the Jefferson County Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien married Barbara Ann Miller of Springfield, Illinois, in 1937. They were the parents of two children, Ann and Ellen, and the grandparents of five.","The Chenault O'Brien Family Papers, 1865-1931, AC-091.","The O'Brien papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas. The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.","The collection contains papers documenting the O'Brien men's service in three wars. George Washington O'Brien's Civil War diary contains a balanced account of wartime experiences, including the grinding boredom of marching, the excitement of battle, the scarcity of food, deprivations of civilians, and anguish over the death of his comrade and brother-in-law Henry Rowley. Cooper K. Ragan, a Houston attorney who edited the diaries for publication in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964, praised O'Brien for his legible handwriting and excellent spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The diaries are small in size, approximately 3 x 5 inches, and include information such as the serial number of his revolver, record of money loaned, and a recipe to alleviate diarrhea. Chilton O'Brien's papers include his application for a commission to the Intelligence branch of the United States Navy, information on navigational theory, and a naval glossary.","The collection documents agricultural life of Jefferson County in the 1860s, and from 1910 through the 1980s. George W. O'Brien's ledger book lists his financial transactions. He also listed the commodities that he provided such as tobacco, and the credits that farmers earned by producing agricultural commodities. His descendants, Chenault and Chilton O'Brien, kept records of the agricultural transactions in the land they owned in the Shelby Corzine Survey, southwest of Beaumont. These records include farm leases spelling out the rights and responsibilities of both tenant and landlord. Chilton O'Brien's papers from the Shelby Corzine Survey in Jefferson County include pedigree charts of the Santa Gertrudis cattle raised there.","The collection also includes the papers of Irma John Gordon Orr, and Alfred John, Jr., the grandchildren of George W. O'Brien. These papers document their extensive landholding, including land in Jefferson county, which was leased for rice, and Hardin County land, which was leased for its lumber. The papers document the type and diameter of timber harvested.","Chenault O'Brien's papers include documentation of the history of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company from 1901-1939, including barrels of petroleum produced, average price per barrel, and dividends paid from the financial bonanza which resulted from the deep sands oil discoveries of the 1920s. His correspondence to friends and family report on the development of the Second Spindletop, John Henry Kirby's control of the company in the 1930s, and O'Brien's attitude toward Kirby. His papers document the 1935 sale of John Henry Kirby stock in Chicago, the price the O'Brien family was prepared to pay, and the price actually paid for the stock.","Chilton O'Brien's papers document his personal and legal involvement in the petroleum industry. His papers include mineral leases, company bylaws, and correspondence from companies such as the Texas Oil Royalty Company. As a bank director for the First Security National Bank between the years 1962-1975, Chilton O'Brien collected papers which document the bank's stock splits, dividends, investment income, portfolio of investments, organizational structure, mergers, statements of condition, and lists of directors and officers.","Chilton's civic papers document not only his dynamic personality but also provide detailed information on many Beaumont groups, such as the Magnolia Cemetery Company's annual audits.","The personal papers of Chilton O'Brien provide many insights into his life and personality, including a keen sense of humor. His 1925 schoolboy diary details school expenses, football plays, cattle raising, and hunting trips. O'Brien's personal papers document the construction of his house and its furnishings, including rugs, draperies, and furniture.","The O'Brien family papers chronicle the rich heritage of the family, including the acquisition and changes in the O'Brien home. George W. O'Brien purchased five acres of land along the Neches River in 1883. The land had been previously owned by his father, George Bryan. Three of the five acres were used to create the Bryan Addition, the first residential addition n Beaumont, leaving two acres for the O'Brien home. Chilton O'Brien's papers document the relocation of part of the O'Brien home to land in the Shelby Corzine Survey where it was used by the family as a weekend home. This acreage gave the family room for not only a beautiful house, but all the necessary outbuildings such as servants' quarters, poultry house, and barn. On the grounds of the O'Brien family land was a large oak tree known as the \"O'Brien Oak\" which George W. O'Brien said was planted by Cave Johnson in 1849, the year of the California gold rush and O'Brien's move to Beaumont. The papers include newspaper clippings and correspondence discussing the age of the tree, activities which took place in the shade of the oak, and its eventual decline and destruction.","The O'Brien Family Papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas.","The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, including abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.","Lyrasis Special Collections","O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906","English"],"unitid_tesim":["AC-108","/repositories/2/resources/96"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1835-1987"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987"],"collection_title_tesim":["The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987"],"collection_ssim":["The O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War"],"geogname_ssim":["Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War"],"places_ssim":["Petroleum industry","Spanish-American War"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Lawyers","United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Lawyers","United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["77 Box","38 Maps"],"extent_tesim":["77 Box","38 Maps"],"genreform_ssim":["United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives","Correspondence","Deeds","Diaries"],"indexes_html_tesm":["\u003cindex id=\"aspace_3fe01837a17db88a94788409c825cc9b\"\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003ePersonal Names\n\u003cblockquote\u003eBrooks, Jack, 1922-2012\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton, Horace, 1853-1932\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eHogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien, George Washington, 1833-1909\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien, Chenault, 1874-1940\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJohnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJohnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eWalker, Daniel, 1876-1944\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Organizations\n\u003cblockquote\u003eGladys City Oil, Gas \u0026amp; Manufacturing Company\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJefferson County Bar Association\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eState Bar of Texas\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eTexas State Library and Archives Commission\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Subjects\n\u003cblockquote\u003eLawyers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003ePetroleum industry\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eSpanish-American War\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eUnited States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Locations\n\u003cblockquote\u003eAustin (Tex.)\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJefferson County (Tex.)\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n Genres/Formats\nCorrespondence\nDeeds\nDiaries\nEstate records\nFinancial records\nInventories\nLegal files\nPhotographs\nWills\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/index\u003e"],"indexes_tesim":["Personal Names\n Brooks, Jack, 1922-2012 Chilton, Horace, 1853-1932 Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906 O'Brien, George Washington, 1833-1909 O'Brien, Chenault, 1874-1940 O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983 Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007 Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973 Walker, Daniel, 1876-1944 \n Organizations\n Gladys City Oil, Gas \u0026 Manufacturing Company Jefferson County Bar Association State Bar of Texas Texas State Library and Archives Commission \n Subjects\n Lawyers Petroleum industry Spanish-American War United States--History--1861-1865, Civil War--Personal narratives \n Locations\n Austin (Tex.) Jefferson County (Tex.) \n Genres/Formats\nCorrespondence\nDeeds\nDiaries\nEstate records\nFinancial records\nInventories\nLegal files\nPhotographs\nWills"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into 9 record groups and 32 series.\n\u003cblockquote\u003eGeorge Washington O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChenault O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eIntergenerational O'Brien Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eJudge Daniel Walker Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003ePhotographs\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eOversize Papers\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003eArtifacts\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized into 9 record groups and 32 series.\n George Washington O'Brien Papers Chenault O'Brien Papers Chilton O'Brien Papers Intergenerational O'Brien Papers Chilton Papers Judge Daniel Walker Papers Photographs Oversize Papers Artifacts"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["George W. O'Brien, 1833-1909","While George W. O'Brien is best known for his role as a founder of the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, the company which began Spindletop oil exploration, he had a full life which greatly impacted the history of Southeast Texas. Attaining the rank of captain in the Confederate Army, he was a leader in Democratic politics, the legal profession, and as a financier and organizer of businesses and organizations in Beaumont.","O'Brien recognized the potential for petroleum production in Southeast Texas long before 1901. While camped at Spindletop Springs as a Confederate soldier, in the 1860s, he noticed globules of petroleum on the water and heard the hiss of escaping gas. In 1865 he received a letter from A. B. Trowell, an attorney at Liberty, Texas, who had served in the Confederate Army with members of the O'Brien family. Trowell advised him to purchase land which had petroleum deposits. O'Brien put Trowell's advice in practice when he and his son-in-law and legal partner, Alfred S. John, represented the family of John Allen Veatch in a suit to recover a large tract of land from the State of Texas. Veatch, a scientific Renaissance man, had realized there was economic potential from the strange substances emitted at Sour Lake and Spindletop and carefully chose parcels from the Mexican and Texan governments which had mineral deposits. O'Brien and John were deeded a portion of the John Allen Veatch Survey which included land at Spindletop for their legal assistance.","When Pattillo Higgins, a visionary who dreamed of building an industrial city fueled by the mineral deposits at Spindletop, planned to drill for oil, and Higgins' former employer, George W. Carroll, a local businessman who owned the Beaumont Lumber Company, approached O'Brien about selling his land at Spindletop, O'Brien declined. Instead he proposed joining them as a partner in the venture. Higgins and Carroll accepted O'Brien's offer, and in 1892, the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company was incorporated with the following charter subscribers and directors: George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, J. F. Lanier, and E. E. John. Each of the incorporators put in certain lands in the John A. Veatch Survey at a value of twenty dollars per acre. George W. O'Brien and his daughter Emma E. John conveyed 1350 acres for 270 shares of stock, the other 270 shares of stock were issued to George W. Carroll and Pattillo Higgins who conveyed 1077 acres and J. F. Lanier conveyed 273 acres of land. The Company made several futile attempts to obtain oil at Spindletop, financing its oil drilling attempts by selling off a part of their acreage.","At the turn of the century, the Gladys City Company took action which ushered in a new era. Pattillo Higgins contacted Anthony F. Lucas, an engineer and former captain in the Austrian navy, in 1899 for assistance. Lucas had experience in salt mining along the Gulf Coast. He recognized that many salt domes, such as Spindletop, contained not only salt but also sulphur and petroleum. He leased land from the Gladys City Company and drilled a well. While the well did strike oil, the pipe collapsed from the pressure of the gas before a large amount of oil could be collected. Lucas contacted oil prospectors James Guffey and John Galey for financial assistance, who turned to the Andrew Mellon family for backing. Guffey and Galey hired a team, the Hamill brothers, from Corsicana to conduct the drilling for petroleum. Historians disagree on the reasons for the Hamills' success, some believing that they possessed a heavier and more efficient rotary bit, while other scholars believe it was expertise, not equipment, that was essential.","The efforts to produce petroleum reached fruition on January 10, 1901, when the Lucas gusher erupted, spewing a column of oil 200 feet high for nine days. Although the Lucas gusher was located on land owned by McFaddin-Wiess-Kyle, another group of prominent Beaumont businessmen, and not on Gladys City land, it initiated an unprecedented boom of prospecting for and processing petroleum.","The Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company never again tried operating wells, choosing instead to lease the land to others and collect mineral royalties from them. The land at Spindletop produced not only petroleum, but also vast quantities of sulphur and salt. George W. O'Brien and his descendants retained stock in the company, and continued to provide leadership in the company for many decades.","O'Brien was born in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana, in 1833, to George Bryan and Elizabeth Ann Bryan. O'Brien and his family migrated to Galveston, Texas, in 1849. He moved to Beaumont, Texas, in 1852. As a teenager he carried mail on horseback between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, along the Bolivar Peninsula.","O'Brien was active as a Jefferson County official and attorney. He was elected District and County Clerk in 1854, and Justice of the Peace for Precinct One in 1858. O'Brien was admitted to practice law in 1861.","Although O'Brien had opposed slavery, had never owned a slave, and had opposed secession as a member of the Jefferson County Secession Convention, he defended his native South by serving in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He initially fought under the leadership of his kinsman, Captain King Bryan in Company F of the Fifth Texas Infantry Regiment in battles east of the Mississippi, but following an outbreak of measles, was discharged for disability, and returned on foot to Beaumont. While returning home, he regained his health, and in Beaumont in 1862, he recruited an additional company and was elected Captain of Company E, Likens Battalion, Texas Volunteers, later known as Speights Texas Regiment.","His company, during its preparation and march toward the Mississippi River, participated in several important military events. They established a fort at Port Neches to control the Neches River against Federal gun boats which had been dispatched to take beef cattle and other supplies to the Union Army. The company later took part in the Battle of Fordoche in Louisiana, and a battle at Mansfield, Louisiana. During 1863, he maintained a meticulous diary of his wartime experiences. His diary was edited by Houston attorney Cooper K. Ragan, who published them in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964.","After the war, O'Brien became one of the most influential men in Southeast Texas. An ardent Democrat, he expressed his opposition to Radical Republicanism by purchasing the press of the Liberty Gazette in 1869 and serving as editor and publisher of the Neches Valley News and its successor, the Beaumont News Beacon, from 1869 to 1874. The newspaper served as a voice for the Democratic party. O'Brien acted as a delegate from Texas at the 1872 Democratic National Convention.","O'Brien was active in business ventures. He was a subscriber of the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railroad, later the Gulf Coast and Missouri Pacific System. O'Brien helped finance the Central Asphalt and Refining Company at Port Neches, and the Beaumont Ice, Light, and Refrigerating Company.","O'Brien was prominently identified with the community welfare of Beaumont. He founded and financed many organizations, including the Beaumont Temperance Hall Company in 1880, the Beaumont Academy, and the Methodist Church. He belonged to Albert Sydney John Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. A thirty-second degree Mason, he also served as master of the local lodge from 1877-1878, and 1880-1882.","He died in 1909, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery, which he had founded in 1887. A Beaumont newspaper wrote in his obituary that he had \"One of the most notable, most beautiful and calmly peaceful careers of any man who [had] ever lived in southeast Texas.\"","O'Brien was married twice, and was the father of nine children. Sarah E. Rowley married O'Brien in 1854. They were the parents of Emma E. John Smith, Minnie G. Starke, Lillie E. Townsend, George Cave O'Brien, who served as District Judge and District Attorney in Jefferson County, Kaleta B. James, Sarah Alice O'Brien, and Olive O'Brien, who died as an infant. After Sarah Rowley O'Brien's death in 1873, O'Brien married Ellen Peebles Chenault in 1874. This marriage produced two children, Chenault O'Brien and Robert Peebles O'Brien.","O'Brien changed the spelling of his last name from O'Bryan to O'Brien between 1868 and 1871.","Chenault O'Brien was born on October 16, 1874, at Beaumont. A brilliant attorney, his legal research during his tenure as secretary/treasurer of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company established many principles for oil and gas law in Texas.\n\nAs a young man, O'Brien served as Chief Deputy County and District Clerk for four years. In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was a member of a loal military company known as the Beaumont Light Guards. When he volunteered to serve his country in the war against Spain, he was made First Lieutenant of Company D, Third Texas United States Volunteers. After undergoing intensive military training at Fort Clark, Texas, he and his command were ordered to Cuba for active service, but to his disappointment, these plans were changed, and through the summer of 1898, his company saw service at Key West, Florida, and Montauk Point, New York, after which they were mustered out of the service, the war having ended. A Spanish-American War veterans camp was named in his honor.\n\nAfter the war, he was educated for the law, graduating from the University of Texas in 1900. O'Brien entered into law practice with I. R. Bordages and his father, George W. O'Brien, in a firm entitled O'Brien, Bordages, and O'Brien. After the death of Captain O'Brien, George Cave O'Brien and Robert A. John entered the firm. He later formed a practice with his brother-in-law George Chilton.\n\nHe was noted by the Jefferson County Bar Association as a \"forceful, brilliant and successful lawyer.\" Not only did he develop petroleum law but also irrigation law, involving riparian and other water-rights, due to the rice growing industry which began in Jefferson County about the same time that O'Brien was admitted to the bar.\n\nO'Brien was active in legal organizations, including the Jefferson County Bar Association, and Texas State Bar Association. He practiced law for over forty years. He also was a leader in the civic, religious, and business life of Beaumont. He was a member of Beaumont Masonic Lodge No. 286, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Ex-Students Association of the University of Texas, and a president of the Neches Club.\n\nO'Brien was a family man. He married Christine Chilton, the daughter of Horace Chilton, United States Senator from Texas, in 1904. They were the parents of two children, Eleanor Patricia \"Pat\" O'Brien Moor, and Chilton O'Brien.\n\nChenault O'Brien died in Beaumont in August 1940.","Chilton O'Brien followed in his father and grandfather's footsteps. He provided leadership to the Gladys City Company, a Texas corporation owning lands at Spindletop, as a director, secretary-treasurer, and vice-president and chief executive officer.\n\nO'Brien was born in 1911, and reared in Beaumont at the ancestral home on the bank of the Neches River. He graduated from Beaumont High School in 1929, where he lettered in football three years, and edited the school yearbook.\n\nO'Brien was educated at the University of Texas, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity, and played football as a college freshman. He edited the 1934 Cactus, the university's yearbook. He earned a law degree from the University of Texas in 1936, and was a member of the University of Texas Ex-Students.\n\nDuring World War II, he served in the Navy, first as an intelligence oficer, and second as officer in command of a torpedo boat in the South Pacific. He was commended for outstanding performance of duty in action, and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander.\n\nOne of the outstanding land title authorities in his profession, O'Brien used his expertise on cases with subjects as varied as personal injury, oil and gas, trusts, probate, real estate, and corporate law. From 1936-1941 he was associated with the firm of Smith, Smith, and Boyd. He was made a partner in the firm in 1939. In 1941, he opened his own law office, and in October of that year, he was joined with Rupert R. Harkrider. Their partnership, which was interrupted by the Second World War, ended in 1949 when Harkrider left Beaumont. From 1969-1980, he was associated with Howard N. Richards.\n\nO'Brien's service to the legal profession included tenure on the Examining Committee of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. He was active in local and state legal organizations. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, serving as its president from 1952-1953. O'Brien was a long time member of the State Bar of Texas, and was selected as a charter fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation in 1966. O'Brien was a member of the American Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien inherited land in the Shelby Corzine Survey southwest of Beaumont. His interests here included a joint venture, with F. L. Yeates, of raising a herd of registered Santa Gertrudis cattle, a breed of cattle developed by the King Ranch. The name Santa Gertrudis is from Rincon de Santa Gertrudis, the name of the original land grant purchased by Captain Richard King from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. Santa Gertrudis cattle, which are a deep cherry red color, are approximately five-eighths shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. The cattle's strengths include a high degree of heat and tick resistance, ease of calving, and good mothering ability. O'Brien was a member of the Santa Gertrudis Breeders International. The land in this survey was also used for raising rice, hay, and grass seed crops.\n\nO'Brien was a director of the First Security National Bank of Beaumont from 1962-1975. The bank merged with the First Security National Corporation, a Texas bank holding company headquartered in Beaumont in the early 1970s. In 1973, while he was a director of the First Security National Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries included the First Security National Bank of Beaumont, Security First Mortgage Company which had offices in Beaumont and Houston, and First National Bank of Colleyville in Tarrant County. Other subsidiaries were the Village State Bank and Gateway National Bank of Beaumont, People's State Bank of Kountze, and the Sour Lake State Bank. The bank was praised by the bank publication, Sheshunoff, in 1972 as a well-managed bank with fast growing deposits.\n\nO'Brien was also involved in civic affairs. As chairman of the Beaumont City Charter Commission from 1947-1948, O'Brien wished to make the governing body more directly responsible to the will of the people. O'Brien believed that a slate of five men should be elected for a two year term. This slate, including a mayor and four councilmen from the four wards of Beaumont, would pledge to carry out a specific program. Administrative work was to be in the hands of a city manager who would have executive control over city services.\n\nO'Brien was active in other civic activities, including serving on the Beaumont Planning and Zoning Commission from 1962-1965. He was a leader in organizations, serving as president of the Beaumont Community Council and Family Service, and as a director on the boards of the Salvation Army and Central YMCA. O'Brien served on the Regents Development Council of Lamar University. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He was also active in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, where he served on the vestry, and as senior warden. He served on the first board of trustees of All Saints Episcopal School in Beaumont, and on the board of trustees of St. Stephen's School of Austin.\n\nO'Brien worked for the Democratic party. He was a member of the Jefferson County Young Democratic Club, and served as the chairman of the State Executive Committee of the Young Democratic Club. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Lyndon Johnson and O'Brien were allies from the 1940s. During Johnson's first campaign for the United States Senate, O'Brien assisted him in Beaumont's Congressional district. He worked to help get Johnson the Democratic nomination in 1952, when O'Brien served as an alternate delegate from Texas at the Democratic National Convention. After 1960, because of being a trustee for the Texas Portland Cement Company, and the semi-public nature of the trusteeship, he believed he could not take an active role in politics. He continued to serve as a political liaison for Johnson in the Beaumont area.\n\nO'Brien was an acknowledged authority on Texas history, who provided leadership to prominent historical organizations. He served on the board of the Texas Library and Historical Commission, later known as the Texas Library and Archives Commission, from 1978-1983. He was appointed chairman of the commission in 1982. O'Brien was a regional director of the Atascosito Historical Society, which is the friends group of the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center. The Sam Houston Regional Library, located in Liberty, Texas, is a division of the Texas State Library. He was a founding member of the Texas Gulf Historical Society, serving as its president in 1968-1969. He was a director of the Texas Historical Foundation, and he was a member of the Sons of the Republic of Texas, Sons of the American Revolution, and the Philosophical Society of Texas.\n\nO'Brien researched and wrote articles on Texas history topics including the O'Brien family; John Allen Veatch, who acquired parcels of land from the Mexican government which included Spindletop and Sour Lake; the Ashworth family, a pioneer family in Jefferson County; and the Jefferson County Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien married Barbara Ann Miller of Springfield, Illinois, in 1937. They were the parents of two children, Ann and Ellen, and the grandparents of five."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItem, Folder, Box, O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987, AC-108, Tyrrell Historical Library, Beaumont, Texas.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Item, Folder, Box, O'Brien Family Papers, 1835-1987, AC-108, Tyrrell Historical Library, Beaumont, Texas."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Chenault O'Brien Family Papers, 1865-1931, AC-091.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Chenault O'Brien Family Papers, 1865-1931, AC-091."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe O'Brien papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas. The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains papers documenting the O'Brien men's service in three wars. George Washington O'Brien's Civil War diary contains a balanced account of wartime experiences, including the grinding boredom of marching, the excitement of battle, the scarcity of food, deprivations of civilians, and anguish over the death of his comrade and brother-in-law Henry Rowley. Cooper K. Ragan, a Houston attorney who edited the diaries for publication in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964, praised O'Brien for his legible handwriting and excellent spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The diaries are small in size, approximately 3 x 5 inches, and include information such as the serial number of his revolver, record of money loaned, and a recipe to alleviate diarrhea. Chilton O'Brien's papers include his application for a commission to the Intelligence branch of the United States Navy, information on navigational theory, and a naval glossary.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection documents agricultural life of Jefferson County in the 1860s, and from 1910 through the 1980s. George W. O'Brien's ledger book lists his financial transactions. He also listed the commodities that he provided such as tobacco, and the credits that farmers earned by producing agricultural commodities. His descendants, Chenault and Chilton O'Brien, kept records of the agricultural transactions in the land they owned in the Shelby Corzine Survey, southwest of Beaumont. These records include farm leases spelling out the rights and responsibilities of both tenant and landlord. Chilton O'Brien's papers from the Shelby Corzine Survey in Jefferson County include pedigree charts of the Santa Gertrudis cattle raised there.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes the papers of Irma John Gordon Orr, and Alfred John, Jr., the grandchildren of George W. O'Brien. These papers document their extensive landholding, including land in Jefferson county, which was leased for rice, and Hardin County land, which was leased for its lumber. The papers document the type and diameter of timber harvested.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChenault O'Brien's papers include documentation of the history of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company from 1901-1939, including barrels of petroleum produced, average price per barrel, and dividends paid from the financial bonanza which resulted from the deep sands oil discoveries of the 1920s. His correspondence to friends and family report on the development of the Second Spindletop, John Henry Kirby's control of the company in the 1930s, and O'Brien's attitude toward Kirby. His papers document the 1935 sale of John Henry Kirby stock in Chicago, the price the O'Brien family was prepared to pay, and the price actually paid for the stock.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChilton O'Brien's papers document his personal and legal involvement in the petroleum industry. His papers include mineral leases, company bylaws, and correspondence from companies such as the Texas Oil Royalty Company. As a bank director for the First Security National Bank between the years 1962-1975, Chilton O'Brien collected papers which document the bank's stock splits, dividends, investment income, portfolio of investments, organizational structure, mergers, statements of condition, and lists of directors and officers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eChilton's civic papers document not only his dynamic personality but also provide detailed information on many Beaumont groups, such as the Magnolia Cemetery Company's annual audits.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe personal papers of Chilton O'Brien provide many insights into his life and personality, including a keen sense of humor. His 1925 schoolboy diary details school expenses, football plays, cattle raising, and hunting trips. O'Brien's personal papers document the construction of his house and its furnishings, including rugs, draperies, and furniture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe O'Brien family papers chronicle the rich heritage of the family, including the acquisition and changes in the O'Brien home. George W. O'Brien purchased five acres of land along the Neches River in 1883. The land had been previously owned by his father, George Bryan. Three of the five acres were used to create the Bryan Addition, the first residential addition n Beaumont, leaving two acres for the O'Brien home. Chilton O'Brien's papers document the relocation of part of the O'Brien home to land in the Shelby Corzine Survey where it was used by the family as a weekend home. This acreage gave the family room for not only a beautiful house, but all the necessary outbuildings such as servants' quarters, poultry house, and barn. On the grounds of the O'Brien family land was a large oak tree known as the \"O'Brien Oak\" which George W. O'Brien said was planted by Cave Johnson in 1849, the year of the California gold rush and O'Brien's move to Beaumont. The papers include newspaper clippings and correspondence discussing the age of the tree, activities which took place in the shade of the oak, and its eventual decline and destruction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The O'Brien papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas. The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.","The collection contains papers documenting the O'Brien men's service in three wars. George Washington O'Brien's Civil War diary contains a balanced account of wartime experiences, including the grinding boredom of marching, the excitement of battle, the scarcity of food, deprivations of civilians, and anguish over the death of his comrade and brother-in-law Henry Rowley. Cooper K. Ragan, a Houston attorney who edited the diaries for publication in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964, praised O'Brien for his legible handwriting and excellent spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The diaries are small in size, approximately 3 x 5 inches, and include information such as the serial number of his revolver, record of money loaned, and a recipe to alleviate diarrhea. Chilton O'Brien's papers include his application for a commission to the Intelligence branch of the United States Navy, information on navigational theory, and a naval glossary.","The collection documents agricultural life of Jefferson County in the 1860s, and from 1910 through the 1980s. George W. O'Brien's ledger book lists his financial transactions. He also listed the commodities that he provided such as tobacco, and the credits that farmers earned by producing agricultural commodities. His descendants, Chenault and Chilton O'Brien, kept records of the agricultural transactions in the land they owned in the Shelby Corzine Survey, southwest of Beaumont. These records include farm leases spelling out the rights and responsibilities of both tenant and landlord. Chilton O'Brien's papers from the Shelby Corzine Survey in Jefferson County include pedigree charts of the Santa Gertrudis cattle raised there.","The collection also includes the papers of Irma John Gordon Orr, and Alfred John, Jr., the grandchildren of George W. O'Brien. These papers document their extensive landholding, including land in Jefferson county, which was leased for rice, and Hardin County land, which was leased for its lumber. The papers document the type and diameter of timber harvested.","Chenault O'Brien's papers include documentation of the history of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company from 1901-1939, including barrels of petroleum produced, average price per barrel, and dividends paid from the financial bonanza which resulted from the deep sands oil discoveries of the 1920s. His correspondence to friends and family report on the development of the Second Spindletop, John Henry Kirby's control of the company in the 1930s, and O'Brien's attitude toward Kirby. His papers document the 1935 sale of John Henry Kirby stock in Chicago, the price the O'Brien family was prepared to pay, and the price actually paid for the stock.","Chilton O'Brien's papers document his personal and legal involvement in the petroleum industry. His papers include mineral leases, company bylaws, and correspondence from companies such as the Texas Oil Royalty Company. As a bank director for the First Security National Bank between the years 1962-1975, Chilton O'Brien collected papers which document the bank's stock splits, dividends, investment income, portfolio of investments, organizational structure, mergers, statements of condition, and lists of directors and officers.","Chilton's civic papers document not only his dynamic personality but also provide detailed information on many Beaumont groups, such as the Magnolia Cemetery Company's annual audits.","The personal papers of Chilton O'Brien provide many insights into his life and personality, including a keen sense of humor. His 1925 schoolboy diary details school expenses, football plays, cattle raising, and hunting trips. O'Brien's personal papers document the construction of his house and its furnishings, including rugs, draperies, and furniture.","The O'Brien family papers chronicle the rich heritage of the family, including the acquisition and changes in the O'Brien home. George W. O'Brien purchased five acres of land along the Neches River in 1883. The land had been previously owned by his father, George Bryan. Three of the five acres were used to create the Bryan Addition, the first residential addition n Beaumont, leaving two acres for the O'Brien home. Chilton O'Brien's papers document the relocation of part of the O'Brien home to land in the Shelby Corzine Survey where it was used by the family as a weekend home. This acreage gave the family room for not only a beautiful house, but all the necessary outbuildings such as servants' quarters, poultry house, and barn. On the grounds of the O'Brien family land was a large oak tree known as the \"O'Brien Oak\" which George W. O'Brien said was planted by Cave Johnson in 1849, the year of the California gold rush and O'Brien's move to Beaumont. The papers include newspaper clippings and correspondence discussing the age of the tree, activities which took place in the shade of the oak, and its eventual decline and destruction."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_84912b8875f7cf9e369b6c7f7d9f13e7\" label=\"Creator Abstract\"\u003eThe O'Brien Family Papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas.\u003c/abstract\u003e","\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_350785400c98d4c1af4e00975b959e74\" label=\"Content Abstract: \"\u003eThe collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, including abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The O'Brien Family Papers document the remarkably parallel lives of three generations of the O'Brien men. George, Chenault, and Chilton O'Brien were leaders who improved Southeast Texas by their service in the military, political, business, religious, and organizational life of Beaumont, Texas.","The collection includes diaries, maps, agendas, photographs, newspapers, legal documents, including abstracts, deeds, title opinions, jury lists, jury instructions, court transcripts, leases, company board of directors minutes, company bylaws, correspondence, artifacts, and scrapbooks."],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906"],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906"],"persname_ssim":["O'Brien, George W. , 1833-1909","O'Brien, Chenault ,  1874-1940","O'Brien, Chilton, 1911-1983","Johnson, Lady Bird, 1912-2007","Johnson,  Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Hogg, James Stephen, 1851-1906"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":16,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"e0ac3cb271612cc6b261f500","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:54.887Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cemph\u003eGeorge W. O'Brien, 1833-1909\u003c/emph\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eWhile George W. O'Brien is best known for his role as a founder of the Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company, the company which began Spindletop oil exploration, he had a full life which greatly impacted the history of Southeast Texas. Attaining the rank of captain in the Confederate Army, he was a leader in Democratic politics, the legal profession, and as a financier and organizer of businesses and organizations in Beaumont.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien recognized the potential for petroleum production in Southeast Texas long before 1901. While camped at Spindletop Springs as a Confederate soldier, in the 1860s, he noticed globules of petroleum on the water and heard the hiss of escaping gas. In 1865 he received a letter from A. B. Trowell, an attorney at Liberty, Texas, who had served in the Confederate Army with members of the O'Brien family. Trowell advised him to purchase land which had petroleum deposits. O'Brien put Trowell's advice in practice when he and his son-in-law and legal partner, Alfred S. John, represented the family of John Allen Veatch in a suit to recover a large tract of land from the State of Texas. Veatch, a scientific Renaissance man, had realized there was economic potential from the strange substances emitted at Sour Lake and Spindletop and carefully chose parcels from the Mexican and Texan governments which had mineral deposits. O'Brien and John were deeded a portion of the John Allen Veatch Survey which included land at Spindletop for their legal assistance.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eWhen Pattillo Higgins, a visionary who dreamed of building an industrial city fueled by the mineral deposits at Spindletop, planned to drill for oil, and Higgins' former employer, George W. Carroll, a local businessman who owned the Beaumont Lumber Company, approached O'Brien about selling his land at Spindletop, O'Brien declined. Instead he proposed joining them as a partner in the venture. Higgins and Carroll accepted O'Brien's offer, and in 1892, the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company was incorporated with the following charter subscribers and directors: George W. O'Brien, George W. Carroll, Pattillo Higgins, J. F. Lanier, and E. E. John. Each of the incorporators put in certain lands in the John A. Veatch Survey at a value of twenty dollars per acre. George W. O'Brien and his daughter Emma E. John conveyed 1350 acres for 270 shares of stock, the other 270 shares of stock were issued to George W. Carroll and Pattillo Higgins who conveyed 1077 acres and J. F. Lanier conveyed 273 acres of land. The Company made several futile attempts to obtain oil at Spindletop, financing its oil drilling attempts by selling off a part of their acreage.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eAt the turn of the century, the Gladys City Company took action which ushered in a new era. Pattillo Higgins contacted Anthony F. Lucas, an engineer and former captain in the Austrian navy, in 1899 for assistance. Lucas had experience in salt mining along the Gulf Coast. He recognized that many salt domes, such as Spindletop, contained not only salt but also sulphur and petroleum. He leased land from the Gladys City Company and drilled a well. While the well did strike oil, the pipe collapsed from the pressure of the gas before a large amount of oil could be collected. Lucas contacted oil prospectors James Guffey and John Galey for financial assistance, who turned to the Andrew Mellon family for backing. Guffey and Galey hired a team, the Hamill brothers, from Corsicana to conduct the drilling for petroleum. Historians disagree on the reasons for the Hamills' success, some believing that they possessed a heavier and more efficient rotary bit, while other scholars believe it was expertise, not equipment, that was essential.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eThe efforts to produce petroleum reached fruition on January 10, 1901, when the Lucas gusher erupted, spewing a column of oil 200 feet high for nine days. Although the Lucas gusher was located on land owned by McFaddin-Wiess-Kyle, another group of prominent Beaumont businessmen, and not on Gladys City land, it initiated an unprecedented boom of prospecting for and processing petroleum.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eThe Gladys City Oil, Gas, and Manufacturing Company never again tried operating wells, choosing instead to lease the land to others and collect mineral royalties from them. The land at Spindletop produced not only petroleum, but also vast quantities of sulphur and salt. George W. O'Brien and his descendants retained stock in the company, and continued to provide leadership in the company for many decades.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was born in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana, in 1833, to George Bryan and Elizabeth Ann Bryan. O'Brien and his family migrated to Galveston, Texas, in 1849. He moved to Beaumont, Texas, in 1852. As a teenager he carried mail on horseback between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, along the Bolivar Peninsula.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was active as a Jefferson County official and attorney. He was elected District and County Clerk in 1854, and Justice of the Peace for Precinct One in 1858. O'Brien was admitted to practice law in 1861.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eAlthough O'Brien had opposed slavery, had never owned a slave, and had opposed secession as a member of the Jefferson County Secession Convention, he defended his native South by serving in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He initially fought under the leadership of his kinsman, Captain King Bryan in Company F of the Fifth Texas Infantry Regiment in battles east of the Mississippi, but following an outbreak of measles, was discharged for disability, and returned on foot to Beaumont. While returning home, he regained his health, and in Beaumont in 1862, he recruited an additional company and was elected Captain of Company E, Likens Battalion, Texas Volunteers, later known as Speights Texas Regiment.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eHis company, during its preparation and march toward the Mississippi River, participated in several important military events. They established a fort at Port Neches to control the Neches River against Federal gun boats which had been dispatched to take beef cattle and other supplies to the Union Army. The company later took part in the Battle of Fordoche in Louisiana, and a battle at Mansfield, Louisiana. During 1863, he maintained a meticulous diary of his wartime experiences. His diary was edited by Houston attorney Cooper K. Ragan, who published them in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1963 and 1964.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eAfter the war, O'Brien became one of the most influential men in Southeast Texas. An ardent Democrat, he expressed his opposition to Radical Republicanism by purchasing the press of the Liberty Gazette in 1869 and serving as editor and publisher of the Neches Valley News and its successor, the Beaumont News Beacon, from 1869 to 1874. The newspaper served as a voice for the Democratic party. O'Brien acted as a delegate from Texas at the 1872 Democratic National Convention.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was active in business ventures. He was a subscriber of the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railroad, later the Gulf Coast and Missouri Pacific System. O'Brien helped finance the Central Asphalt and Refining Company at Port Neches, and the Beaumont Ice, Light, and Refrigerating Company.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was prominently identified with the community welfare of Beaumont. He founded and financed many organizations, including the Beaumont Temperance Hall Company in 1880, the Beaumont Academy, and the Methodist Church. He belonged to Albert Sydney John Camp of the United Confederate Veterans. A thirty-second degree Mason, he also served as master of the local lodge from 1877-1878, and 1880-1882.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eHe died in 1909, and was buried in Magnolia Cemetery, which he had founded in 1887. A Beaumont newspaper wrote in his obituary that he had \"One of the most notable, most beautiful and calmly peaceful careers of any man who [had] ever lived in southeast Texas.\"\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien was married twice, and was the father of nine children. Sarah E. Rowley married O'Brien in 1854. They were the parents of Emma E. John Smith, Minnie G. Starke, Lillie E. Townsend, George Cave O'Brien, who served as District Judge and District Attorney in Jefferson County, Kaleta B. James, Sarah Alice O'Brien, and Olive O'Brien, who died as an infant. After Sarah Rowley O'Brien's death in 1873, O'Brien married Ellen Peebles Chenault in 1874. This marriage produced two children, Chenault O'Brien and Robert Peebles O'Brien.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eO'Brien changed the spelling of his last name from O'Bryan to O'Brien between 1868 and 1871.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eChenault O'Brien was born on October 16, 1874, at Beaumont. A brilliant attorney, his legal research during his tenure as secretary/treasurer of the Gladys City Oil, Gas and Manufacturing Company established many principles for oil and gas law in Texas.\n\nAs a young man, O'Brien served as Chief Deputy County and District Clerk for four years. In 1898, with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he was a member of a loal military company known as the Beaumont Light Guards. When he volunteered to serve his country in the war against Spain, he was made First Lieutenant of Company D, Third Texas United States Volunteers. After undergoing intensive military training at Fort Clark, Texas, he and his command were ordered to Cuba for active service, but to his disappointment, these plans were changed, and through the summer of 1898, his company saw service at Key West, Florida, and Montauk Point, New York, after which they were mustered out of the service, the war having ended. A Spanish-American War veterans camp was named in his honor.\n\nAfter the war, he was educated for the law, graduating from the University of Texas in 1900. O'Brien entered into law practice with I. R. Bordages and his father, George W. O'Brien, in a firm entitled O'Brien, Bordages, and O'Brien. After the death of Captain O'Brien, George Cave O'Brien and Robert A. John entered the firm. He later formed a practice with his brother-in-law George Chilton.\n\nHe was noted by the Jefferson County Bar Association as a \"forceful, brilliant and successful lawyer.\" Not only did he develop petroleum law but also irrigation law, involving riparian and other water-rights, due to the rice growing industry which began in Jefferson County about the same time that O'Brien was admitted to the bar.\n\nO'Brien was active in legal organizations, including the Jefferson County Bar Association, and Texas State Bar Association. He practiced law for over forty years. He also was a leader in the civic, religious, and business life of Beaumont. He was a member of Beaumont Masonic Lodge No. 286, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Ex-Students Association of the University of Texas, and a president of the Neches Club.\n\nO'Brien was a family man. He married Christine Chilton, the daughter of Horace Chilton, United States Senator from Texas, in 1904. They were the parents of two children, Eleanor Patricia \"Pat\" O'Brien Moor, and Chilton O'Brien.\n\nChenault O'Brien died in Beaumont in August 1940.\u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003eChilton O'Brien followed in his father and grandfather's footsteps. He provided leadership to the Gladys City Company, a Texas corporation owning lands at Spindletop, as a director, secretary-treasurer, and vice-president and chief executive officer.\n\nO'Brien was born in 1911, and reared in Beaumont at the ancestral home on the bank of the Neches River. He graduated from Beaumont High School in 1929, where he lettered in football three years, and edited the school yearbook.\n\nO'Brien was educated at the University of Texas, where he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity, and played football as a college freshman. He edited the 1934 Cactus, the university's yearbook. He earned a law degree from the University of Texas in 1936, and was a member of the University of Texas Ex-Students.\n\nDuring World War II, he served in the Navy, first as an intelligence oficer, and second as officer in command of a torpedo boat in the South Pacific. He was commended for outstanding performance of duty in action, and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant commander.\n\nOne of the outstanding land title authorities in his profession, O'Brien used his expertise on cases with subjects as varied as personal injury, oil and gas, trusts, probate, real estate, and corporate law. From 1936-1941 he was associated with the firm of Smith, Smith, and Boyd. He was made a partner in the firm in 1939. In 1941, he opened his own law office, and in October of that year, he was joined with Rupert R. Harkrider. Their partnership, which was interrupted by the Second World War, ended in 1949 when Harkrider left Beaumont. From 1969-1980, he was associated with Howard N. Richards.\n\nO'Brien's service to the legal profession included tenure on the Examining Committee of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. He was active in local and state legal organizations. He was a member of the Jefferson County Bar Association, serving as its president from 1952-1953. O'Brien was a long time member of the State Bar of Texas, and was selected as a charter fellow of the Texas Bar Foundation in 1966. O'Brien was a member of the American Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien inherited land in the Shelby Corzine Survey southwest of Beaumont. His interests here included a joint venture, with F. L. Yeates, of raising a herd of registered Santa Gertrudis cattle, a breed of cattle developed by the King Ranch. The name Santa Gertrudis is from Rincon de Santa Gertrudis, the name of the original land grant purchased by Captain Richard King from the heirs of Juan Mendiola. Santa Gertrudis cattle, which are a deep cherry red color, are approximately five-eighths shorthorn and three-eighths Brahman. The cattle's strengths include a high degree of heat and tick resistance, ease of calving, and good mothering ability. O'Brien was a member of the Santa Gertrudis Breeders International. The land in this survey was also used for raising rice, hay, and grass seed crops.\n\nO'Brien was a director of the First Security National Bank of Beaumont from 1962-1975. The bank merged with the First Security National Corporation, a Texas bank holding company headquartered in Beaumont in the early 1970s. In 1973, while he was a director of the First Security National Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries included the First Security National Bank of Beaumont, Security First Mortgage Company which had offices in Beaumont and Houston, and First National Bank of Colleyville in Tarrant County. Other subsidiaries were the Village State Bank and Gateway National Bank of Beaumont, People's State Bank of Kountze, and the Sour Lake State Bank. The bank was praised by the bank publication, Sheshunoff, in 1972 as a well-managed bank with fast growing deposits.\n\nO'Brien was also involved in civic affairs. As chairman of the Beaumont City Charter Commission from 1947-1948, O'Brien wished to make the governing body more directly responsible to the will of the people. O'Brien believed that a slate of five men should be elected for a two year term. This slate, including a mayor and four councilmen from the four wards of Beaumont, would pledge to carry out a specific program. Administrative work was to be in the hands of a city manager who would have executive control over city services.\n\nO'Brien was active in other civic activities, including serving on the Beaumont Planning and Zoning Commission from 1962-1965. He was a leader in organizations, serving as president of the Beaumont Community Council and Family Service, and as a director on the boards of the Salvation Army and Central YMCA. O'Brien served on the Regents Development Council of Lamar University. He received the Distinguished Service Award of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. He was also active in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, where he served on the vestry, and as senior warden. He served on the first board of trustees of All Saints Episcopal School in Beaumont, and on the board of trustees of St. Stephen's School of Austin.\n\nO'Brien worked for the Democratic party. He was a member of the Jefferson County Young Democratic Club, and served as the chairman of the State Executive Committee of the Young Democratic Club. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Lyndon Johnson and O'Brien were allies from the 1940s. During Johnson's first campaign for the United States Senate, O'Brien assisted him in Beaumont's Congressional district. He worked to help get Johnson the Democratic nomination in 1952, when O'Brien served as an alternate delegate from Texas at the Democratic National Convention. After 1960, because of being a trustee for the Texas Portland Cement Company, and the semi-public nature of the trusteeship, he believed he could not take an active role in politics. He continued to serve as a political liaison for Johnson in the Beaumont area.\n\nO'Brien was an acknowledged authority on Texas history, who provided leadership to prominent historical organizations. He served on the board of the Texas Library and Historical Commission, later known as the Texas Library and Archives Commission, from 1978-1983. He was appointed chairman of the commission in 1982. O'Brien was a regional director of the Atascosito Historical Society, which is the friends group of the Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center. The Sam Houston Regional Library, located in Liberty, Texas, is a division of the Texas State Library. He was a founding member of the Texas Gulf Historical Society, serving as its president in 1968-1969. He was a director of the Texas Historical Foundation, and he was a member of the Sons of the Republic of Texas, Sons of the American Revolution, and the Philosophical Society of Texas.\n\nO'Brien researched and wrote articles on Texas history topics including the O'Brien family; John Allen Veatch, who acquired parcels of land from the Mexican government which included Spindletop and Sour Lake; the Ashworth family, a pioneer family in Jefferson County; and the Jefferson County Bar Association.\n\nO'Brien married Barbara Ann Miller of Springfield, Illinois, in 1937. 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