{"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=2","prev":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=1","next":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=3","last":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=3"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":2,"next_page":3,"prev_page":1,"total_pages":3,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":10,"total_count":22,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"719473d3198f1656fe8a200e_aspace_debd9cad969d8c56fa9a337b4ff85d81","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Little Women, 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The report details objectives of project and barriers encountered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref48#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref48","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref48","aspace_ref48"],"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref48","title_filing_ssi":"LLNL-UCSD Scientific data management status report","title_ssm":["LLNL-UCSD Scientific data management status report"],"title_tesim":["LLNL-UCSD Scientific data management status report"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["February 1, 2006"],"normalized_date_ssm":["February 1, 2006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["LLNL-UCSD Scientific data management status report, February 1, 2006"],"text":["LLNL-UCSD Scientific data management status report, February 1, 2006","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management","Status reports","/repositories/2/archival_objects/581","Scope and Contents note A project report for December 2005 and January 2006. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["License\n This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"LLNL-UCSD Scientific data management status report\",\"href\":\"ark:/13030/c8jq11pg\"}"],"date_range_isim":[2006],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA project report for December 2005 and January 2006. The report details objectives of project and barriers encountered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note A project report for December 2005 and January 2006. The report details objectives of project and barriers encountered."],"_nest_path_":"/components#30/components#0/components#2/components#0","_nest_parent_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref63","_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","title_filing_ssi":"Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files","title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"ead_ssi":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","unitdate_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"text":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data","Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\" eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W.",""],"unitid_tesim":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creators_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\" eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003c/chronlist\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref48"}},{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref61","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref61#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\u003cp\u003eA slide presentation providing an overview of astronomical simulation and its scientific research projects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arclight.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref61#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ref61","ref_ssm":["aspace_ref61","aspace_ref61"],"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref61","title_filing_ssi":"LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator","title_ssm":["LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator"],"title_tesim":["LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator"],"normalized_title_ssm":["LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator"],"text":["LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management","/repositories/2/archival_objects/577","Scope and Contents note A slide presentation providing an overview of astronomical simulation and its scientific research projects."],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref11","fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref51"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Historical documents","LLNL-UCSD Scientific Data Management"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","File","File"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/577"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"extent_ssm":["1.0 Electronic file","1.0 Electronic file"],"extent_tesim":["1.0 Electronic file","1.0 Electronic file"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":34,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Access\n This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["License\n This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"LUSciD Cosmology: The Cosmic Simulator\",\"href\":\"ark:/13030/c85d8sg1\"}"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA slide presentation providing an overview of astronomical simulation and its scientific research projects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note A slide presentation providing an overview of astronomical simulation and its scientific research projects."],"_nest_path_":"/components#30/components#0/components#1","_nest_parent_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e_aspace_ref51","_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","title_filing_ssi":"Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files","title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files"],"ead_ssi":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","unitdate_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007","2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"text":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5","Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007","Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data","Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\" eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W.",""],"unitid_tesim":["RCIDC.0001","/repositories/2/resources/5"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_title_tesim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"collection_ssim":["Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files, Bulk, 2005-2007, 2005-2012, Bulk 2005-2007"],"repository_ssm":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"creators_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Access This data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\" eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eBrian W. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu","Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.","Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\" eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063","Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.","Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields","Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).","Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. 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Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Immediate Source of Acquisition note Rick Wagner, 2012."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cosmic background radiation","Cosmology","Cosmology--Observations","Galaxies--Clusters","Hydrodynamics","Research-Data processing","Research data"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"extent_tesim":["683.0 Gigabytes","39 Electronic file","683.0 Gigabyte(s) 39 digital objects collectively containing 1,797 digital files of various types."],"genreform_ssim":["Research data"],"date_range_isim":[2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eAccess\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis data set is available for use by the general research community, via UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. 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Inquiries about using the dataset may be directed to rci-ref@ucsd.edu"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eArrangement note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arrangement note The data set is arranged into 31 components: 1: Data processing tools; 2: Initital conditions for simulation; 3-30: Data at redshift=3.0 to Data at redshift=0.0, and 31: Historical documents."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReferenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick.\u003ctitle\u003e\"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eHallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" \u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eLemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\"\u003c/title\u003e eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).\u003c/bibref\u003e","\u003cbibref\u003eSkillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L.\u003ctitle\u003e\"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\"\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Astrophysical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Use References"],"bibliography_tesim":["Referenced below are articles and other publications identified at the end of 2011 as having used the data generated by Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project.","Hallman, Eric J.; Skillman, Samuel W.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Smith, Britton D.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 725, Issue 1: 1053-1068 (Dec. 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1053; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/725/1/1053.","Hallman, Eric J.;O'Shea, Brian W.; Burns, Jack O.; Norman, Michael L.; and Harkness, Robert; Wagner, Rick. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , V. 671, Issue 1: 27-39 (12/2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522912; http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671...27H","Hallman, Eric J.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Smith, Britton D.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the Whim with SZE Surveys.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 698, Issue 2: 1795-1802 (2009): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1795; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2.","Lemze, Doron; Rephaeli, Yoel; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Wagner, Rick; and Norman, Mike L. \"Quantifying the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter and Galaxies in A1689.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 728, Issue 1, article id 40 (2011): http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/1/40; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/728/1/40.","Lemze, Doron; Wagner, Rick; Rephaeli, Yoel; Sadeh, Sharon; Norman, Michael L.; Barkana, Rennan; Broadhurst, Tom; Ford, Holland; and Postman, Marc. \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters.\" eprint arXiv:1106.6048 (June 2011).","Skillman, Samuel W.; O'Shea, Brian W.; Hallman, Eric J.; Burns, Jack O.; and Norman, Michael L. \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.\" The Astrophysical Journal , Vol. 689, Issue 2: 1063-1077 (Dec. 2008); http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592496; http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/689/2/1063"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Project Background"],"bioghist_tesim":["Project Background The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation. LUScID During the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized. Future progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies—a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies. In order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers. ENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator. The specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold: use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications. Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\" Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student","use the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism; improve the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes; generate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.","Key project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication) January 2005 LUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted January 2006 The LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone. April 2007 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\" January 2008 A second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing. June 2008 Submission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\" March 2009 Submission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\" August 2010 Submission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\" October 2010 Submission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\" June 2011 Submission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"","Key Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions Michael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator Jack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator Eric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow James Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Robert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer Brian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Geoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student Rick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003ePreferred Citation\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Preferred Citation Rick Wagner, Eric J. Hallman, Brian W. O'Shea, Jack O. Burns, Michael L. Norman, Robert Harkness, and Geoffrey So. \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation research project files.\" UC San Diego Research Cyberinfrastructure Data Curation. (Data version 1.0, published 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.6075/W7154F0Q)"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProcessing Information note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing Information note The project lead collected, on the Triton Resource at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, all data generated by the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project deemed essential to representing the simulation project and facilitating re-use of the data. Data files were categorized and arranged to represent each snapshot (Data at redshift) comprising the simulation. The files for each snapshot include files specifying the parameters for each snapshot, binary data files constituting the results of applying the parameters, and derived data products generated from processing of the results. Files deemed irrelevant to representation of the project and / or use of the data were removed from the data set. In addition to data files, scripts necessary for processing the data were added to the collection, as were products generated using the scripts. The former are included in the component labeled \"Data Processing Tools, \" whereas the latter are typically included in a sub-component labeled \"Derived Products\" for each of the primary \"Data at redshift\" components. Finally, a variety of project files, primarily proposals and project status reports, have been incorporated and are listed in the component labeled \"Historical documents.\" The Santa Fe Light Cone simulation files were then transferred from the SDSC server to the Research Data Curation data storage space. The transfer of all files were monitored for accuracy. The entire collection was arranged into thirty-one components and described completely using the Archivists' Toolkit application. Component and sub-component descriptions were linked to digital object records composed in the AT and containing links to the files constituting the data set, or snapshot. The AT description was used to generate an Encoded Archival Description (EAD) document for the complete set of files for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project data set and a METS document for each primary component. The EAD is to be uploaded to the Online Archive of California (OAC), whereas the METS records and the digital content files they reference are to be uploaded to the UC San Diego Digital Asset Management System (DAMS). A researcher will thus be enabled to access the data files either through the OAC or the UCSD DAMS. Finally, all files and descriptive records for the simulation project are to be deposted in the Chronopolis digital preservation network for long-term preservation management."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eScope and Contents note\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents note The project files consists of data in three broad categories: the simulation data (\"Data at Redshift\" components); analysis tools and example scripts (Data Processing Tools) for processing the data; and project administration and background documents (Historical Documents) related to the project. All these materials were created between 2005 and 2012, beginning with a proposal for the LUSciD Project, continuing on to the simulation data, and ending with the recent analysis tools. The historical documents are proposals and progress reports that were part of grants or requests for computational resources supporting the research. The component for analysis tools and example scripts contains the source code to yt (http://yt-project.org/), which was used to produce the example data analysis results. The results are a combination of structured text, binary files, and images. The historical documents and analysis tools are described in greater detail in their component descriptions. The scientific motivations for the light cone simulation are described in the Project Background. Here we describe how the simulation data was generated. The simulation was the final in a group of simulations, with each one designed to meet certain requirements, such as resolution. Earlier simulations tied to the LUsciD Project were performed on Thunder, a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cluster. This calculation for the Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation was a demonstration of the software's ability to perform adaptive refinement throughout the volume, and as a result, was run on the San Diego Supercomputer Center's DataStar system and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications Altix, Cobalt. The simulation was initialized at high redshift, assuming a standard cosmological model incorporating dark energy and cold dark matter. The physical volume represented was a periodic cube 512 comoving megaparsecs on a side. The simulation was evolved to the present day, using models for gravity and adiabatic gas dynamics. At specific points, snapshots of the simulation were saved, and a representative subset of those are contained in this collection. These snapshots are organized by time (or, equivalently, redshift) at the top level, and named from RD0009 to RD0036; lower numbers (e.g., RD0009) represent earlier times in the universe's evolution, while higher numbers are later times and ones closer to the present day. Each snapshot has an archive (tar) file of the original data, a checksum of the archive, and text files of the parameters, grid hierarchy, and boundary conditions. The parameter, hierarchy, and boundary files are also in the archive file, but are available separately for convenience in a component named \"Parameters.\" The contents of each project component labeled RD00## are the same: * RD00## (parameters, ASCII): All of the simulation parameters are listed in these files as key-value pairs, using a \"key = value\" format. The input parameter are identical across all parameter files, while variables such as the current time, or redshift, change. * RD00##.hierarchy (grid metadata, ASCII): A list of the grid data structures, their spatial position, file names, and numerical size. * RD00##.cpu0XXX (physical data, HDF5): These files hold the physical fields (density, velocity, etc.) for each grid. * RD00##.boundary (boundary conditions, ASCII): Boundary metadata. * RD00##.boundary.hdf (boundary conditions, HDF5): Boundary data for necessary fields"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eRights\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eLicense\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Rights","License"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights The information contained in this set of research project files is the property of its creators and the Regents of the University of California. Some or all of the materials in the project files may be protected by copyright law. Use of this work beyond that allowed by \"fair use\" requires the written permission of the copyright holders(s). Responsibility for obtaining permissions and any use and distribution of this work rests exclusively with the user and not the UC San Diego Library. Inquiries can be made to the UC San Diego Library unit having custodial responsibility for the work (http://rci.ucsd.edu).","License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)."],"names_coll_ssim":["Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Wagner, Rick, 1972-"],"names_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego.","Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"corpname_ssim":["Lyrasis Special Collections","Los Alamos National Laboratory. Theoretical Astrophysics Group T-6..","San Diego Supercomputer Center.","University of California, San Diego.. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences.","University of Colorado (System). Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences. Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy.","Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.","University of California, San Diego."],"persname_ssim":["Burns, Jack O.","Hallman, Eric J.","Harkness, Robert","Norman, Michael L.","O'Shea, Brian W., (Brian William), 1978-","So, Geoffrey","Wagner, Rick, 1972-","Barnett, Tim","Moore, Reagan W."],"language_ssim":[""],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":44,"online_item_count_is":39,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"fbd0c7fbf3276395f8940a8e","timestamp":"2026-04-04T01:12:15.474Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003chead\u003eProject Background\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation project was the result of an ongoing effort by the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics, beginning with the LUScID Project in 2005. This led to the development of the ENZO simulation software to the point where it was able to complete a seven-level adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) cosmology simulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eLUScID\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring the 1990s, observational cosmology became \"big science,\" involving expensive instruments (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope) and large teams (e.g., the Sloan Digital Sky Survey [SDSS]) attacking fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. Progress was astonishing and included the discovery of the accelerating universe (Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1999); precision measurements of the global geometry, age, and composition of the universe (de Bernardis et al. 2000); and deep images of galaxies at the dawn of time (Beckwith et al. 2004). These and other observations have narrowed the range of acceptable theoretical models for cosmological structure formation to a single model called the concordance model (Bahcall et al. 1999), for which free parameters are now known to high precision (Spergel et al. 2003). Cosmology thus finds itself in a place not unlike particle physics, where the goal going forward is to refine and test the standard model with yet higher precision measurements. Fundamental science questions driving the field include the nature of dark energy and dark matter, the formation and evolution of galaxies and quasars, and how and when the intergalactic medium was re-ionized.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFuture progress requires ambitious observational surveys of the universe of unprecedented depth and breadth. The SDSS is collecting megabytes of data per galaxy on nearly 1 million galaxies distributed throughout a volume of space many billions of light years on a side. Currently over 2 TB of data has been collected and archived. This number is expected to grow to 5 TB by project's end. Several similarly sized surveys are underway, and much larger ones are planned. In particular, the Large aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope [LSST] will collect 15 TB of image data every night for a year, amassing a collection of tens of petabytes over several years. The LSST will produce an object catalog of a billion galaxies\u0026#x2014;a thousand-fold increase over the SDSS. Coping with this \"data flood\" requires advanced scientific data management technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to maximize the science return, results from massive surveys need to be compared to the detailed predictions of the concordance model. These take the form of massive cosmological simulations of the formation of galaxies and large scale structure. Just as Moore's Law is the force behind the data explosion in astronomy, it has also enabled numerical simulations of unprecedented size and complexity on massively parallel supercomputers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENZO is a parallel cosmology application developed at the Laboratory for Computational Astrophysics (LCA) at UCSD, directed by Michael Norman. ENZO solves the equations of dark matter dynamics, multi-species hydrodynamics, non-equilibrium chemical and ionization kinetics, and self-gravity in an expanding universe dominated by dark energy. Parameterized models of star formation and feedback effects allow the simulation of the formation and evolution of galaxies on cosmic length scales and time scales. The state-of-the art is shown in Fig. 1. The simulation shown in the left panel evolves a concordance model with 1 billion Lagrangian dark matter particles and the equations of Eulerian hydrodynamics and self-gravity on a uniform grid of 1 billion (1024^3) cells. The calculation was done on 512 processors of SDSC's IBM Blue Horizon computer, and produced 10TB of raw data and 6 TB of derived data. This calculation serves as a survey volume for follow-on adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations which resolve the galaxies' internal structure. At right is shown an old AMR simulation of galaxy formation done at NCSA in 1998. Due to computer power and data handling limitations at the time, only 1/64 of the survey volume (2563 base grid) could be simulated at high resolution. Now, with more powerful parallel computers and data management technologies, we can in principle simulate the entire volume at high spatial resolution. Making that a practical reality is the overarching goal of the cosmology simulation data grid project, which we shall henceforth refer to as the Cosmic Simulator.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specific goals of the Cosmic Simulator project are threefold:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\n \u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. The Prospects for Direct Detection of the WHIM with SZE Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eAugust 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Quantifying the collisionless nature of dark matter and galaxies in A1689\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eOctober 2010\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Properties of X-ray Cold Fronts in a Statistical Sample of Simulated Galaxy Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2011\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Profiles of Dark Matter Velocity Anisotropy in Simulated Clusters\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n \u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey Personnel (including institutional affiliations and project positions\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eMichael L. Norman, University of California, San Diego, Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJack O. Burns, University of Colorado Boulder, Co-Principal Investigator\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eEric J. Hallman, University of Colorado Boulder, Postdoctoral Fellow\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eJames Bordner, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRobert Harkness, University of California, San Diego, Scientist and Programmer\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eBrian W. O'Shea, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eGeoffrey So, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eRick Wagner, University of California, San Diego, Graduate Student\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n \u003citem\u003euse the LLNL-SDSC-UCSD data grid to be deployed to enable cosmological simulations of unprecedented size and physical realism;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003eimprove the physical realism of cosmological modeling through the inclusion of radiation transfer on adaptive meshes;\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003citem\u003egenerate simulated sky maps and galaxy catalogs using automated processing pipelines for LSST applications.\u003c/item\u003e\n \u003c/list\u003e","\u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eKey project events (including requests for computer support and the submission of manuscripts for publication)\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2005\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLUSciD (LLNL UCSD Scientific Data Management) proposal submitted\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2006\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eThe LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is submitted by Michael Norman, requesting time to run the low redshift tiles of the Santa Fe Light Cone.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eApril 2007\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project. I. Confusion and the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium in Upcoming Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJanuary 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eA second LRAC (Large Resource Allocations Committee) proposal is describing planned analysis of the simulation in the area of weak gravitational lensing.\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eJune 2008\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"Cosmological Shocks in Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/eventgrp\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate\u003eMarch 2009\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003ceventgrp\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSubmission of \"The Santa Fe Light Cone Simulation Project: II. 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